Macrolide and Tetracycline Resistance andemmType Distribution ofStreptococcus pyogenesIsolates Recovered from Turkish Patients

Abstract

The aims of this study were to determine the susceptibilities to macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics and emm type distribution of Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated in the Kocaeli University Hospital, Turkey. A total of 127 S. pyogenes clinical isolates were tested. Eleven (9%) isolates were resistant to erythromycin, and 23 (18%) isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Ten of the erythromycin-resistant isolates were also resistant to tetracycline. By the triple-disk test, all erythromycin-resistant isolates showed the inducible macrolide-lincosamidestreptogramin-C phenotype and harbored erm(TR) gene. tet(O) was the most common tetracycline resistance gene. Among erythromycin-tetracycline coresistant isolates, seven harbored the tet(O) gene. emm 4, emm 1, emm 2,114, and emm 89 were the most common emm types. These isolates were more susceptible to erythromycin. There was considerable emm type heterogeneity in macrolide or tetracycline resistant isolates. According to our knowledge, this is the first study in which emm type distribution is investigated in Turkey. More comprehensive studies are needed to obtain true information about the epidemiology of macrolide and tetracycline resistance and emm type distribution in Turkey.

Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014

“…The latter has a strong negative effect on the actions of all penicillins and cephalosporins similar to the other countries in Europe and USA (7,12,15,16). First reports for macrolide-resistant S. рyogenes are published in the nineties in the end of the 20 th century (19). Till 2003 we haven't isolated any resistant to macrolides S. рyogenes (Figure 2b).…”

“…Selective pressure from the common and not always well grounded use of macrolides in childhood leads to fast expansion of streptococcal strains with limited or absent susceptibility towards these antibiotics, which could lead to serious complications and sequels after infections caused by them (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Confirmed data for appearance of new more virulent strains of М. сatarrhalis with obligatory production of ß-lactamase during the last years have been published even in Bulgaria (8,12).…”

“…High frequency of production of extracellular β-lactamase is accounted as an indirect virulence factor (12,19). Whether any of these microorganisms is an independent etiologic agent or is isolated with other susceptible bacteria as co-infection, most commonly streptococci, due to the actions of these extracellular enzymes, the effect of penicillin or cephalosporin in the treatment is suppressed.…”

Distribution of emm Genotypes and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes Strains: Analogy with the Vaccine in Development

“…Bu araştırıcılar, ardışık iki yıl süresince izole edilen suşların aynı emm tiplerine sahip olduklarını, ancak izole edilme sıklıklarında değişme olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir 10 . Ülkemizde Dündar ve arkadaşlarının 11 yaptığı çalışmada, 127 S.pyogenes suşunda en sık emm4, emm1, emm2, emm114 ve emm89 tipleri bildirilmiştir. Bizim çalışmamızda ise 15 farklı emm genotipi saptanmış; emm1 (%22), emm89 (%13), emm18 (%9) ve emm19 (%9) en sık saptanan tipler olmuş-tur.…”

ICE Sp2905 , the erm (TR)- tet (O) Element of Streptococcus pyogenes, Is Formed by Two Independent Integrative and Conjugative Elements

“…erm(TR) transferability by conjugation to susceptible recipients of S. pyogenes and other Gram-positive species was demonstrated in early experiments (7). Tetracycline resistance is frequently associated with erythromycin resistance in erm(TR)-positive isolates (6,9,10,13), where it is typically mediated by the tet(O) determinant (8). Clonal spread of S. pyogenes strains with the erm(TR) tet(O) genotype has been documented in Europe (14).…”