Macrophage Extracellular Traps: Current Opinions and the State of Research regarding Various Diseases

Weng, Weizhen; Hu, Zuoyu; Pan, Yunfeng

doi:10.1155/2022/7050807

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…We have provided evidence that macrophages upregulate primarily PAD4 between the genes responsible for initiating chromatin decondensation. This process makes chromatin accessible for release from macrophages, enabling the formation of ETs (44). Therefore, we investigated the role of ETs during retinal injury response and pharmacologically inhibited PAD4, using Cl-amidine (45).…”

Section: Characterization Of the Innate Immune Response To Laser-indu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages Coordinate Immune Response to Laser-Induced Injury via Extracellular Traps

Conedera,

Kokona,

Zinkernagel

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Macrophages/monocytes, the primary contributors to chronic inflammation in degenerated retinas, orchestrate intricate immune responses. They remain enigmatic in their local coordination and activation mechanisms. Innovations in experimental systems enable real-time exploration of immune cell interactions and temporal dimensions in response. In preclinical mouse models, we use in vivo microscopy to unravel how macrophages/monocytes govern microglia and PL responses spatio-temporally. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of innate immune cells, especially macrophages/monocytes, in regulating retinal repair. The absence of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration aids parenchymal integrity restoration, while their depletion, particularly macrophages/monocytes, impedes vascular recovery. Innate immune cells, when activated, release chromatin and granular proteins, forming extracellular traps (ETs), critical for tissue repair by modulating neutrophil and T-cell responses. Our investigations demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of ETosis with Cl-amidine enhances retinal and vascular repair, surpassing the effects of blocking innate immune cell recruitment. Simultaneously, Cl-amidine treatment reshapes the inflammatory response, causing neutrophils, helper, and cytotoxic T-cells to cluster primarily in the superficial capillary plexus, affecting retinal microvasculature perfusion. Our data offer novel insights into innate immunity's role in responding to retinal damage, potentially informing more effective immunotherapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Characterization Of the Innate Immune Response To Laser-indu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages Coordinate Immune Response to Laser-Induced Injury via Extracellular Traps

Conedera,

Kokona,

Zinkernagel

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…First, many drugs and treatments that have been reported to inhibit NET formation also inhibit neutrophil infiltration. However, neutrophil is essential for organ repair, thus, blocking of neutrophil infiltration may be deleterious at the late phase of organ IRI (196). In addition, it is worthwhile to investigate whether the decreased neutrophil infiltration causes the decreased NET formation or whether the drug or treatment itself can alter the ability of neutrophils to produce ETs.…”

Section: Current Challenges In the Study Of Extracellular Traps And I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the ET release process can be more directly visualized in real-time using intravital confocal microscopy ( 50 ). The NET components NE and MPO are also present in METs ( 26 , 197 ). Therefore, whether the ETs affecting organ IRI at various stages are mainly derived from neutrophils needs to be carefully examined.…”

Section: Current Challenges In the Study Of Extracellular Traps And I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of extracellular traps in ischemia reperfusion injury

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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In response to strong signals, several types of immune cells release extracellular traps (ETs), which are web-like structures consisting of DNA decorated with various protein substances. This process is most commonly observed in neutrophils. Over the past two decades, ET formation has been recognized as a unique mechanism of host defense and pathogen destruction. However, the role of ETs in sterile inflammation has only been studied extensively in recent years. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a type of sterile inflammatory injury. Several studies have reported that ETs have an important role in IRI in various organs. In this review, we describe the release of ETs by various types of immune cells and focus on the mechanism underlying the formation of neutrophil ETs (NETs). In addition, we summarize the role of ETs in IRI in different organs and their effects on tumors. Finally, we discuss the value of ETs as a potential therapeutic target for organ IRI and present possible challenges in conducting studies on IRI-related ETs as well as future research directions and prospects.

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“…These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are primarily composed of decondensed chromatin, histones and granular enzymes such as MPO and neutrophil elastase. ETs formation has since been demonstrated in monocytes and MDMs (Aulik et al, 2012;Doster et al, 2018;Weng et al, 2022). In vivo, ETs are involved in pathogen clearance, and their antimicrobial properties are used for host defence against it (Papayannopoulos, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular traps formation following cervical spinal cord injury

Michel‐Flutot

Bourcier

Gasser

et al. 2022

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Spinal cord injuries involve a primary injury that can lead to permanent loss of function and a secondary injury associated with pathologic and inflammatory processes. Extracellular traps are extracellular structures expressed by immune cells that are primarily composed of chromatin, granular enzymes and histones. Extracellular traps are known to induce tissue damage when overexpressed and could be associated in the occurrence of secondary damage.In the present study, we used flow cytometry to demonstrate that at 1 day following a C2 spinal cord lateral hemisection in male Swiss mice, resident microglia form vital microglia extracellular traps, and infiltrating neutrophils form vital neutrophil extracellular traps. We also used immunolabelling to show that microglia near the lesion area are most likely to form these microglia extracellular traps. As expected, infiltrating neutrophils are located at the site of injury, though only some of them engage in post-injury extracellular trap formation. We also observed the formation of microglia and neutrophil extracellular traps in our sham animal models of durotomy, but formation was less frequent than following the C2 hemisection. Our results demonstrate for the first time that microglia form extracellular traps in the spinal cord following injury and durotomy. It remains however to determine the exact mechanisms and kinetics of neutrophil and microglia extracellular traps formation following spinal cord injury. This information would allow to better mitigate this inflammatory process that may contribute to secondary injury and to effectively target extracellular traps to improve functional outcomes following spinal cord injury.

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Macrophage Extracellular Traps: Current Opinions and the State of Research regarding Various Diseases

Cited by 23 publications

References 56 publications

Macrophages Coordinate Immune Response to Laser-Induced Injury via Extracellular Traps

Macrophages Coordinate Immune Response to Laser-Induced Injury via Extracellular Traps

The role of extracellular traps in ischemia reperfusion injury

Extracellular traps formation following cervical spinal cord injury

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