Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Malondialdehyde as Potential Predictors of Vascular Risk Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cross-Sectional Case Control Study in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background. Malondialdehyde (MDA) has been implicated in the development of many acute inflammatory, autoimmune diseases as well as chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders. Involvement of inflammatory response and oxidative stress is currently suggested as a mechanism underlying development of diabetes and its complications. Objective. To evaluate the clinical utility of MDA, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), LDL-C/HDL-C, and TG/HDL-C ratio as noninvasive laboratory markers for prediction of T2DM vascular complications. Method. 63 Saudi T2DM patients and 16 age and sex matched controls were included. Serum MDA and MIF were assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and ELISA, respectively. TG/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were calculated. Results. Uncontrolled DM patients had significantly higher levels of MDA, MIF, TG/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios when compared with controlled DM patients and control group (p < 0.001). MDA had 100% sensitivity and 88% specificity. MIF showed 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity and LDL-C/HDL-C had 97% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Meanwhile, TG/HDL-C had the lowest sensitivity and specificity in identifying diabetic patients who would suffer from vascular complications. Conclusion. MDA, MIF, and LDL-C/HDL-C could be new predictors of metabolic disturbance which promote vascular complications in T2DM.

Effect of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitors on Circulating Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…It is also important to highlight that the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in the entire cohort of T2DM patients did not significantly differ from those measured in the serum of healthy controls [35]. We demonstrated previously that significant differences in FRAP levels were seen between heathy controls and poorly controlled T2DM patients but not between heathy controls and T2DM patients with good glycemic control [36]; similarly, Morsi et al [37] did not find significant differences in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels between controls and well controlled T2DM patients. However, in heathy volunteers, Fpg sites, marker of oxidative damage, were reduced compared to well controlled T2DM patients [36].…”

Circulating Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Clinical Studies on Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications

“…MDA was also significantly increased in T2DM both with and without complications and performed better than ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), but it was of minor value compared to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement in the evaluation of diabetes progression [65] (Table 2). T2DM patients with poor glycaemic control had significantly higher levels of MDA, when compared with the controlled T2DM patients and the control group [66, 67] (Tables 1 and 2). We also previously reported that circulating MDA was increased in poorly controlled T2DM with and without complications [63], and this effect was more pronounced in females [68]; however, other authors found no differences in MDA and isoprostanes between female T2DM patients with high or low HbA1c [69] (Table 2).…”

Glycated LDL-C and glycated HDL-C in association with adiposity, blood and atherogenicity indices in metabolic syndrome patients with and without prediabetes

“…Furthermore, qualitative abnormalities of HDL-C are described; such as significant reduction in their antioxidative and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant properties. 10 TGs are also affected in T2DM. Hypertriglyceridemia produces atherogenic, small, dense forms of LDL-C and decreases cholesterol transport to the liver by HDL-C.…”