Magmatic Evolution of Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano, China–North Korea: Evidence from Mineral-Hosted Melt and Fluid Inclusions

Crust and Uppermost Mantle Magma Plumbing System Beneath Changbaishan Intraplate Volcano, China/North Korea, Revealed by Ambient Noise Adjoint Tomography

“…Geochemical and numerical modeling studies have suggested that the lower continental crust is the most favorable place for initial stages of magma storage and evolution since the thermal and rheological conditions in the deep hot lower crust promote rapid and extensive melt segregation and fractionation (Annen et al., 2006; Cashman et al., 2017; Hildreth & Moorbath, 1988). Erupted rocks at CBV vary compositionally from basalt to comendite during the recent 10 Ma, highlighting significant temporal changes in geochemistry associated with bimodal volcanism (e.g., Andreeva et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2015). As a result, we infer that the imaged lower‐crustal mush zone beneath CBV could be effectively intruded and accumulated by mantle‐derived basaltic magma (Figure 4).…”

Distribution of Partial Melt Beneath Changbaishan/Paektu Volcano, China/Democratic People's Republic of Korea

“…Choi et al (2013) investigated this discrepancy and, while care must be taken due to the nonuniqueness inherent in modeling gravity data, suggested that the model of Zhang et al (2002) is supported by regions of low density and the high conductivities identified by magnetotelluric studies (Qiu et al, 2014;Tang et al, 2001). However, the multiple magma chambers suggested by Zhang et al (2002) are more likely explained by a distributed region of partial melt throughout the crust, as suggested by petrological studies at CMP (Andreeva et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2017) and similar to magma plumbing systems beneath other volcanoes (Annen et al, 2006;Cashman et al, 2017;Christopher et al, 2015;Sparks et al, 2019;Schmandt et al, 2019). More recently, a joint RF and surface wave study using data in China showed evidence for a significant low S wave velocity zone in the midcrust (∼3.0 km/s), with high P wave to S wave ratio (> 1.8) directly beneath CMP, supporting evidence for the presence of a magma reservoir beneath the volcano (Zhu et al, 2019).…”

“…They argue that an evolved magma storage region is present at depths of 2–4 km below sea level, where commendite and trachy‐basalts mixed before erupting in 946 CE (Andreeva et al, ; Iacovino et al, ; Pan et al, ). A larger, more primitive magma reservoir is present deeper than this, providing longer‐term storage for the magmatic system (Andreeva et al, ; Pan et al, ). To date, no geophysical survey has imaged or shown evidence for a shallow magmatic system linked to the evolved commendite storage, suggesting it is small and/or cool.…”

“…The best constraints on the crustal magmatic system beneath CMP come from petrology. Focussing mainly on the deposits of 946 CE eruption, these studies suggest multiple regions of magma storage in the crust (Andreeva et al,2018;Iacovino et al, 2016;Liu et al,1998;Pan et al, 2017Ramos et al,2016. They argue that an evolved magma storage region is present at depths of 2-4 km below sea level, where commendite and trachy-basalts mixed before erupting in 946 CE (Andreeva et al, 2018;Iacovino et al, 2016;Pan et al, 2017).…”

“…Focussing mainly on the deposits of 946 CE eruption, these studies suggest multiple regions of magma storage in the crust (Andreeva et al,2018;Iacovino et al, 2016;Liu et al,1998;Pan et al, 2017Ramos et al,2016. They argue that an evolved magma storage region is present at depths of 2-4 km below sea level, where commendite and trachy-basalts mixed before erupting in 946 CE (Andreeva et al, 2018;Iacovino et al, 2016;Pan et al, 2017). A larger, more primitive magma reservoir is present deeper than this, providing longer-term storage for the magmatic system (Andreeva et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2017 Song et al, 2007;Wu et al, 2009;Yang et al, 2019;Zhu et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2002), attenuation (Wu et al, 2006), and conductivity (Choi et al, 2013;Tang et al, 2001).…”