Magnesium Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate Induces Cell Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro and Bone Regeneration In Vivo

Abstract

In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown how the physicochemical and biological properties of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) work in bone regeneration. This study aimed to improve the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. Multiple in vitro and in vivo analyses were used to complete β-TCP/Mg physicochemical and biological characterization. The addition of MgO brought about a modest rise in the number of β-TCP surface particles, indicating improvements in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on day 21 (p < 0.05) and in the WST-1assay on all days (p < 0.05), with a corresponding increase in the upregulation of ALP and bone sialoprotein. SEM analyses stated that the surfaces of the β-TCP particles were not altered after the addition of Mg. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis from rabbit calvaria critical defects resulted in β-TCP/Mg managing to reform more new bone than the control defects and β-TCP control at 2, 6, and 8 weeks (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001). The hydrothermal addition of MgO to the β-TCP surfaces ameliorated its biocompatibility without altering its surface roughness resulting from the elemental composition while enhancing cell viability and proliferation, inducing more bone regeneration by osteoconduction in vivo and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro.

Deferoxamine/magnesium modified β-tricalcium phosphate promotes the bone regeneration in osteoporotic rats

“…[27][28][29] The Mg/TCP prepared in this study provides bone formation properties for bone defect and further enhances the bone mineralization, indicating its potential to promote bone regeneration. 30 The results of our study show that the quantity and quality of the new bone in the defect area increased significantly with interference by Mg/TCP. Hypoxia is a well-known driving force in angiogenesis by inducing expression of proangiogenic factors.…”

Evaluation of Physiochemical and Biological Properties of Biofunctionalized Mg-Based Implants Obtained via Large-Scale PEO Process for Dentistry Applications

“…In addition, some osteoblasts were present, but covered with organic fraction. These results reveal that Mg 2+ ions released during the cell culture positively affected the cellular responses associated with, e.g., BMF secretion leading to bone tissue formation [42][43][44][45][46][47]. To verify the bioactivity of the prepared samples, the implants for which the highest biocompatibility was observed were further investigated regarding their superficial appearance after an MG-63 cell culture was performed on their surfaces [41].…”

Improvement of the mechanical properties and osteogenic activity of 3D-printed polylactic acid porous scaffolds by nano-hydroxyapatite and nano-magnesium oxide

“…In recent studies, magnesium oxide nanoparticles have been used in various composites, and Salamanca, E et al. ( Salamanca et al., 2022 ), used magnesium oxide to modify β-tricalcium phosphate to enhance osteoblast activity. Chen, Y et al.…”