Magnetic-Based Human Tissue 3D Cell Culture: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Cell-based assays, conducted on monolayer (2D) cultured cells, are an unquestionably valuable tool for biomedical research. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have gained relevance over the last few years due to the advantages of better mimicking the microenvironment and tissue microarchitecture in vivo. Recent magnetic-based 3D (m3D) cell culture systems can be used for this purpose. These systems are based on exposing magnetized cells to magnetic fields by levitation, bioprinting, or ring formation to promote cell aggregation into 3D structures. However, the successful development of these structures is dependent on several methodological characteristics and can be applied to mimic different human tissues. Thus, a systematic review was performed using Medline (via Pubmed), Scopus, and Web of Science (until February 2022) databases to aggregate studies using m3D culture in which human tissues were mimicked. The search generated 3784 records, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. The usability of these m3D systems for the development of homotypic or heterotypic spheroids with or without scaffolds was explored in these studies. We also explore methodological differences specifically related to the magnetic method. Generally, the development of m3D cultures has been increasing, with bioprinting and levitation systems being the most used to generate homotypic or heterotypic cultures, mainly to mimic the physiology of human tissues, but also to perform therapeutic screening. This systematic review showed that there are areas of research where the application of this method remains barely explored, such as cancer research.

3D Spheroid Cultivation Alters the Extent and Progression of Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Compared to 2D Cultivation

“…Cell culture models are a fundamental tool for biomedical research that can reduce the number of animal experiments [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. To date, most of these tests have been performed in 2D cultures.…”

“…To date, most of these tests have been performed in 2D cultures. However, 2D cell culture models do not represent the complex microenvironment, and consequently, the induced cell response shown in 2D culture does not correspond to the physiological or biological response to the molecules [ 30 ]. Because of these limitations of culturing cells in 2D, 3D cell culture models are a growing area of research that should offer several advantages over 2D culture; 3D cultures are structured differently regarding cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions, resulting in altered inter- and intracellular communication.…”

In Vitro Bone Differentiation of 3D Microsphere from Dental Pulp-Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Recently, an alternative method related to the formation of 3D spheroid culture models has been introduced as a strategy for local delivery during the process of regenerating bone tissue. This strategy has advantages over the monolayer cultures used to seed onto the surface of biomaterials because its three-dimensionality can provide a microenvironment that mimics the interactions that take place between cells and the extracellular matrix as closely as possible to what occurs naturally [30].…”

2D and 3D culture of stem cells

“…Wady tego typu hodowli to ograniczone docieranie składników odżywczych do komórek w rdzeniu sferoidy oraz obniżony gradient dyfuzji, ze względu na trójwymiarowość hodowli. [11,21,22] PORÓWNYWANA CECHA HODOWLA 2D HODOWLA 3D [11,21] Wykorzystanie metod hodowli 3D w praktyce Obecnie nowe modele hodowli 3D stosowane są do oceny bezpieczeństwa i skuteczności leków. Wykorzystuje się zarówno proste sferoidy jak i statyczne modele 3D.…”