Purpose
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of kidney and upper ureteral calculi under the Double-J stent free mode.
Methods
We retrospectively collected the data of patients who underwent flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy from February 2018 to September 2021 in our hospital. Cases were divided into three groups according to used of the Double-J stent pre-operation and post-operation, namely, the Postoperative Double-J stent free (Post-F) group with pre-indwelling Double-J stent before operation and non-indwelling Double-J stent after operation, the Preoperative Double-J stent free (Pre-F) group with the Double-J stent not preset before operation and retained after operation, and the Routine group with the Double J stents placed in the ureter before and after operation. The data of all patients, including demographic and stone characteristics, perioperative data, postoperative outcomes and complications, were recorded, evaluated and compared.
Results
554 patients as per prescribed research criteria were included with 101 cases in the Post-F group, 154 cases in the Pre-F group and 299 cases in the Routine group. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics among the three groups, such as age, body mass index, the cumulative calculi maximum length diameter (CMD), average CT value of stones (p > 0.05). The average operation time among the three groups was also similar which demonstrated no statistical difference. The incidence of grade 0–1 ureteral injury in the Post-F group was higher than the other two groups, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the operation related complications such as bleeding, renal subcapsular effusion, urosepsis, and ureteral stricture. During the follow-up, the data showed there was a certain proportion of Double-J stent associated complications between the Pre-F group and the Routine group, while no risk of these complications were identified in the Post-F group. At the end of time intervals of one month, three months and six months after operation, the stone clearance rates of the three groups were (88.1% vs 87.7% vs89.6%), (91.5% vs 91.9% vs 93.8%), (93.1% vs 93.0% vs 94.9%) respectively, and the differences did not reach statistical significance. (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
It was a safe, feasible and effective management method to treat renal and upper ureteral calculi by flexible ureteroscopy using Double-J stent free mode. This model could avoid the stent associated complications after operation and is suggested to be widely used in clinic.