Magnetic Nanosystems as a Therapeutic Tool to Combat Pathogenic Fungi

Abstract

The overuse of antibiotics is the main reason for the expansion of multidrug-resistantmicroorganisms, especially, pathogenic fungi, such as Candida albicans and others.Nanotechnology provides an excellent therapeutic tool for pathogenic fungi. Several reportsfocused on metal oxide nanoparticles, especially, iron oxide nanoparticles due to their extensiveapplications such as targeted drug delivery. Using biological entities for iron oxide nanoparticlesynthesis attracted many concerns for being eco-friendly, and inexpensive. The fusion ofbiologically active substances reduced and stabilized nanoparticles. Recently, the advancementand challenges for surface engineered magnetic nanoparticles are reviewed for improving theirproperties and compatibility. Other metals on the surface nanoparticles can enhance theirbiological and antimicrobial activities against pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, conjugationof antifungal drugs to magnetic nanoparticulate increases their antifungal effect, antibiofilmproperties, and reduces their undesirable effects. In this review, we discuss different routes forthe synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, surface coating manipulation, their applications asantimicrobials, and their mode of action.

Nanocarriers of Miconazole or Fluconazole: Effects on Three-Species Candida Biofilms and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro

“…Following this reasoning, IONPs can lead to microbial cell death through their binding to cell membranes, which promotes depolarization and loss of membrane integrity, in addition to extravasation of intracellular constituents [ 18 ]. Moreover, these nanoparticles stimulate the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with lipid peroxidase, causing damage to deoxyribonucleic acid and cellular proteins [ 18 , 19 ], as well as causing the loss of cell homeostasis due to the presence of ions [ 18 ]. Despite their good biological and physical-chemical properties, IONPs must be functionalized to prevent their agglomeration and to improve their surface activity and biocompatibility [ 18 ].…”

Inorganic Nanoparticles and Composite Films for Antimicrobial Therapies

“…Additionally, NPs diffuse through the membrane, interacting with membrane lipids and proteins and changing the osmotic pressure. As a result, there is a leakage of the intracellular content and a shrinkage of the cell that will lead to microbial cell death [ 65 , 129 , 138 , 139 ]. Furthermore, Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions are released from the NPs, leading to the production of high amounts of ROS and consequent DNA replication disruption, DNA double-strand breaking, and lipid peroxidation [ 129 , 138 , 139 , 140 ].…”

“…As a result, there is a leakage of the intracellular content and a shrinkage of the cell that will lead to microbial cell death [ 65 , 129 , 138 , 139 ]. Furthermore, Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions are released from the NPs, leading to the production of high amounts of ROS and consequent DNA replication disruption, DNA double-strand breaking, and lipid peroxidation [ 129 , 138 , 139 , 140 ]. The antibacterial properties of Fe 3 O 4 NPs have been proven against E. coli , K. pneumoniae , P. aeruginosa , B. subtilis , S. epidermidis , and H. pylori [ 137 , 138 , 139 ].…”

“…Furthermore, Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions are released from the NPs, leading to the production of high amounts of ROS and consequent DNA replication disruption, DNA double-strand breaking, and lipid peroxidation [ 129 , 138 , 139 , 140 ]. The antibacterial properties of Fe 3 O 4 NPs have been proven against E. coli , K. pneumoniae , P. aeruginosa , B. subtilis , S. epidermidis , and H. pylori [ 137 , 138 , 139 ]. However, results have demonstrated increased bactericidal effects against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria [ 129 ].…”

Fabrication of Iron Oxide/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Using Creeper Blepharis maderaspatensis Extract and Their Antimicrobial Activity

“…The low reactivity, agglomeration, and oxidation of iron oxide NPs can be avoided by coating with another metallic oxide NPs, such as zinc NPs (Gupta and Gupta, 2005;Sun et al, 2014;Bisht et al, 2016). The surface coating of iron oxide NPs not only decreases the cytotoxicity of iron oxide NPs but also increases the stability and efficiency of antimicrobial potential of Iron oxide NPs (Abbas and Krishnan, 2020).…”