Magnetic properties and homogeneous distribution of Gd3+ ions in gadolinium molybdenum borate glass with high Gd2O3 content

Stress‐induced crystal axis spiral rotation in multiferroic β'‐Gd2(MoO4)3 observed only in glass crystallization

“…The magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie‐Weiss law, giving the effective magnetic moment of μ eff = 7.87 μ B and the Weiss constant of θ = −0.7 K. The experimental value of μ eff = 7.87 μ B obtained is very close to the value of Gd 3+ ions with the 4 f electron configuration of 8 S 7/2 , that is, 7.94 μ B . Furthermore, any peak such as λ‐type anomaly is not observed in the temperature dependence of specific heat in T = 1.8‐5 K. It has been, therefore, suggested that Gd 3+ ions in 21.25GdMoBO glass with a high Gd 2 O 3 content of 21.25 mol% are distributed homogeneously and randomly as paramagnetic ions down to T = 1.8 K without forming any Gd 2 O 3 ‐based magnetic clusters or inducing any strong magnetic interaction 45 …”

“…The magnetic susceptibility and specific heat of 21.25GdMoBO glass were examined in the temperature range of T = 1.8‐300K to clarify magnetic and distribution states of Gd 3+ ions 45 . As an example, the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility ( χ M ) and inverse susceptibility ( χ M −1 ) for 21.25GdMoBO glass under zero‐field cooled (ZFC) and field‐cooled (FC) conditions is shown in Figure 2 45 .…”

“…The magnetic susceptibility and specific heat of 21.25GdMoBO glass were examined in the temperature range of T = 1.8‐300K to clarify magnetic and distribution states of Gd 3+ ions 45 . As an example, the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility ( χ M ) and inverse susceptibility ( χ M −1 ) for 21.25GdMoBO glass under zero‐field cooled (ZFC) and field‐cooled (FC) conditions is shown in Figure 2 45 . The magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie‐Weiss law, giving the effective magnetic moment of μ eff = 7.87 μ B and the Weiss constant of θ = −0.7 K. The experimental value of μ eff = 7.87 μ B obtained is very close to the value of Gd 3+ ions with the 4 f electron configuration of 8 S 7/2 , that is, 7.94 μ B .…”

“…Furthermore, any peak such as λ-type anomaly is not observed in the temperature dependence of specific heat in T = 1.8-5 K. It has been, therefore, suggested that Gd 3+ ions in 21.25GdMoBO glass with a high Gd 2 O 3 content of 21.25 mol% are distributed homogeneously and randomly as paramagnetic ions down to T = 1.8 K without forming any Gd 2 O 3 -based magnetic clusters or inducing any strong magnetic interaction. 45 The magnetic susceptibility and specific heat of the crystallized glasses (composition: 21.25GdMoBO glass) with β'-Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 crystals were also examined in the temperature range of T = 1.8-300K. 46 It was clarified that the crystallized glass (heat-treated at 590°C for 2 hours), that is, a composite of β'-Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 crystals and the residual glasses, is paramagnetic and any magnetic interaction is not formed among Gd 3+ ions down to T = 1.8K, that is, μ eff = 7.94 μ B and θ = −0.3 K. It is, therefore, concluded that the magnetic and specific behaviors of the base 21.25GdMoBO glass is almost the same as those of multiferroic β'-Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 crystals.…”

Electronic polarizability and interaction parameter of gadolinium tungsten borate glasses with high WO3 content

“…Recently, Suzuki et al [40] examined the magnetic susceptibility and specific heat of 21.25Gd 2 O 3 -63.75MoO 3 -15B 2 O 3 glass in the temperature range of T ¼1.8-300 K and obtained the values of the effective magnetic moment of μ eff ¼ 7.87μB and the Weiss constant of θ ¼ À0.7 K. They proposed from those values that Gd 3 þ ions are distributed homogeneously and randomly as paramagnetic ions down to T¼ 1.8 K [40]. Considering the chemical similarity of MoO 3 and WO 3 , Gd 3 þ ions in 25Gd 2 O 3 -xWO 3 -(75 À x)B 2 O 3 glasses might distribute homogeneously without creating any magnetic cluster.…”