Magnetic resonance microscopy of the equine hoof wall: a study of resolution and potential

Keller, Marianne; Galloway, Graham J.; Pollitt, C. C.

doi:10.2746/042516406778400565

Cited by 11 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The parietal surface of the distal phalanx is provided with a modified periosteum [14] that presents a partially calcified fibrocartilage plate [50]; therefore, it does not reflect the characteristic (hyperechoic) appearance (Figure 5). Similar findings have been reported with MRI [23,37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings—Part 1

Castro-Mesa,

Resende Faleiros,

Martínez-Aranzales

2023

Animals

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Ultrasonography is commonly used to evaluate equine lameness-related structures, but traditional hoof approaches cannot adequately visualize internal structures such as the lamellar layer. To address this limitation, we used 62 healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of thirty anatomical pieces (phase 1) and thirty-two hooves from living horses (phase 2). In both phases, half of the digits were submerged in water (group 1) and the other half in water and ice (group 2) for 24 h. Ultrasonographic views and temperature and humidity measurements were taken every two hours, and sagittal sections were obtained in phase 1. Good quality images were obtained in both phases. The transmural technique allowed the evaluation of several structures of the DEJ (tubular and lamellar strata of the hoof wall, sublamellar dermis, and solar and coronary papillae) and of the distal phalanx (extensor process, parietal surface, and apex). Our findings suggest that the transmural technique following hoof submersion can be useful for internal evaluation of hoof conditions, such as laminitis. However, further validation of the technique in natural or experimental cases is required.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings—Part 1

Castro-Mesa,

Resende Faleiros,

Martínez-Aranzales

2023

Animals

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“…The categorical observations (1, normal; 2, mild; 3, moderate; 4, severe) for each abnormality detectable on MR images were evaluated for the ability to predict whether or not the foot was histologically laminitic or normal and whether the location within the foot (proximal, middle, distal) had any influence on the observers' interpretation (Figs. [8][9][10][11][12]. The difference in the assigned grades (normal, mild, moderate, severe) was statistically significant (Po0.001) between normal and laminitic feet for all categories even when the results for all three observers were summed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on our results, there are definitive changes that occur with the initial active stage of laminitis and are readily detected with MR imaging and these changes cannot be detected with radiography. Fine anatomic detail is readily achievable using high field strength magnets, which makes direct evaluation of the laminae and corium possible 4,8 . After subjective assessment of all sequences, it was felt that the T2 * ‐weighted 3D GRE sequence gave the best anatomic detail coupled with the best contrast resolution in both normal and laminitic feet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fine anatomic detail is readily achievable using high field strength magnets, which makes direct evaluation of the laminae and corium possible. 4,8 After subjective assessment of all sequences, it was felt that the T2 Ã -weighted 3D GRE sequence gave the best anatomic detail coupled with the best contrast resolution in both normal and laminitic feet. Distortion artifacts caused by local field inhomogeneities as a result of residual metal in the hoof did not impact the area of interest and were only evident within millimeters of the shavings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Initial Active Stage of Equine Laminitis at 4.7 T

Arble

Mattoon

Drost

et al. 2008

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Equine laminitis is a severely debilitating disease. There is a poor understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, and traditional imaging modalities have limited diagnostic capacity. High field strength magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows direct visualization of the laminae, which other modalities do not. This would prove useful both in assessment of clinical patients and in further investigation into the pathophysiology of the disease. The objective of this study was to characterize the anatomic changes within the equine foot associated with the initial active stage of laminitis. Images obtained using a 4.7 T magnet were compared with digital radiographs using histologic diagnosis as the reference standard. Objective measurements and subjective evaluation for both modalities were evaluated for the ability to predict the histologic diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of laminitis as well as in clinically normal horses and horses that were in a population at risk for developing laminitis. Signal intensity and architectural changes within the corium and laminae were readily seen at 4.7 T, and there was a strong association with the histologic diagnosis of active laminitis. Measurements obtained with MR imaging were more sensitive and specific predictors of laminitis than those obtained radiographically. Subjective evaluation with MR imaging was more sensitive than with radiography and should become more specific with greater understanding of normal anatomy.

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“…Conversely, purely qualitative classifications of natural cases were not detailed enough to distinguish the more subtle lamellar pathology that occurs during the developmental and acute stages of laminitis, where gross or radiographic changes are not yet apparent. 18,[25][26][27]32 Therefore, to more accurately correlate lesions of the hoof wall with those of the DP in horses of different breed types, athletic uses, and clinical risk factors, we (1) developed a multiplicative, multimodal pathology grading scheme to provide a more comprehensive representation of hoof wall lesions that incorporates radiographic, gross, histopathologic, and temporal factors; (2) formulated a micro-CT protocol to objectively characterize and quantify microarchitectural changes in the DP; and (3) correlated lesions in the DP and hoof wall in spontaneous cases of laminitis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Osteopathology in the Equine Distal Phalanx Associated With the Development and Progression of Laminitis

et al. 2015

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Although the equine distal phalanx and hoof lamellae are biomechanically and physiologically integrated, bony changes in the distal phalanx are poorly described in laminitis. The aims of this study were (1) to establish a laminitis grading scheme that can be applied to the wide spectrum of lesions seen in naturally occurring cases and (2) to measure and describe changes in the distal phalanx associated with laminitis using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Thirty-six laminitic and normal feet from 15 performance and nonperformance horses were evaluated. A laminitis grading scheme based on radiographic, gross, histopathologic, and temporal parameters was developed. Laminitis severity grades generated by this scheme correlated well with clinical severity and coincided with decreased distal phalanx bone volume and density as measured by micro-CT. Laminitic hoof wall changes included progressive ventral rotation and distal displacement of the distal phalanx with increased thickness of the stratum internumcorium tissues with lamellar wedge formation. Histologically, there was epidermal lamellar necrosis with basement membrane separation and dysplastic regeneration, including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis, corresponding to the lamellar wedge. The changes detected by micro-CT corresponded to microscopic findings in the bone, including osteoclastic osteolysis of trabecular and osteonal bone with medullary inflammation and fibrosis. Bone changes were identified in horses with mild/early stages of laminitis as well as severe/chronic stages. The authors conclude that distal phalangeal pathology is a quantifiable and significant component of laminitis pathology and may have important implications for early detection or therapeutic intervention of equine laminitis.Keywords horse, laminitis, distal phalanx, pathology, diagnostic imaging, micro-computed tomography, x-ray microtomography, osteolysis, osteopathologyThe structural integrity of the highly specialized and complex elements composing the equine foot-including the epidermal and dermal lamellae, bone, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues-is essential for suspension of the distal phalanx (DP) within the hoof capsule. The interface between the equine DP and inner hoof wall is unique in that the dorsal cortex of the DP is highly porous relative to the solar cortex or to the cortices of other bones in the appendicular skeleton.39 These porosities correspond to perforating vascular channels that extend from the medullary spaces of the DP to supply the overlying lamellar tissues. 30,39 Thus, the unique interface of this specialized musculoskeletal unit provides a direct microanatomic integration between bone and epidermal/dermal lamellar tissues.Laminitis is a disease affecting the epidermal and dermal lamellae of the inner hoof wall, which often progresses to a chronic phase. The chronic phase of laminitis is characterized by inadequate tissue healing and aberrant regenerative responses that result in lamellar hyperplasia and dysplasia,...

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Magnetic resonance microscopy of the equine hoof wall: a study of resolution and potential

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings—Part 1

Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings—Part 1

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Initial Active Stage of Equine Laminitis at 4.7 T

Osteopathology in the Equine Distal Phalanx Associated With the Development and Progression of Laminitis

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