Magnetic structuring of linear copper electrodeposits

Abstract

Structural and magnetic fourfold symmetry of Co/Cu multilayers electrodeposited on Si(001) substrates

Electric cell voltage at etching and deposition of metals under an inhomogeneous constant magnetic field

“…• Nonuniform magnetic field exerts the greatest effect on the cluster components of an electrolyte, and, for rather large clusters, their energy in the magnetic field may exceed the energy of ther-mal motion, which leads to phase separation [81], i.e., to the formation of a quasi-stationary heterogeneous state of an electrolyte and an inhomogeneous distribution of concentration of cluster components of an electrolyte on the electrode surface. In this case, the characteristic dimensions of the created phases (i.e., regions) with an increased concentration of cluster components relative to the rest of the electrolyte can be several orders of magnitude bigger than the characteristic thickness of the diffusion layer ( figure 7, figure 12), and thus similar effects are not related to the effects described in the papers [35][36][37][38] associated with deformation of the diffusion layer in an inhomogeneous magnetic field.…”

“…The direction of a gradient magnetic force is defined by the sign of the effective magnetic susceptibility of magnions. The last can be changed, for example, by adding electrochemically inert paramagnetic ions or colloid particles to the solution, whereupon the way the direct and inverse deposition effects are observed [35][36][37][38]. Summarizing the results of this work it is obvious that the inhomogeneous distribution of a magnetostatic field at the surface of both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic electrode in an electrolyte and accumulation of the reaction products in the form of effectively para-or diamagnetic magnions lead to the creation of a magnetically induced electric cell voltage.…”

“…When the magnetic susceptibility of an electrolyte changes from diamagnetic to paramagnetic (by choice of different electrolytes), the sign of the effective magnetic susceptibility may also vary. This leads to the change of the location of areas of faster rate of electrochemical reactions at the electrode surface from the area with maximum magnetostatic field strength onto the area with the minimum of the latter, which was observed in several experimental studies [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. In the absence of clusters, i.e., for individual ions, it is impossible to introduce the concept of effective susceptibility since the latter is a thermodynamic quantity.…”

“…It is also noted [35][36][37][38][39][40][41] that the thickness of the diffusion layer (at a distance ∼ 100 µm from the electrode surface) changes by changing the applied magnetic field in the process of electrodeposition of paramagnetic cations from the solution onto the surface of the electrode in the form of plates. The inhomogeneous magnetic field, created using a magnetic lattice, forms periodic dotted hexagonal [35][36][37][38] or circular [35][36][37][38][39][40][41] structures of the deposition areas. The structures of the sediment slightly change their size and location depending on the magnitude and the direction of gradient magnetic field and the type of dissolved ions.…”

“…The last type of the anisotropy of the sediment is observed after adding electrochemically inert ions Mn 2+ to the solution. Inverse regions were formed in the process of deposition of the ions Zn 2+ and Cu + , but with the addition of electrochemically inactive ions Dy 3+ , Gd 3+ to a solution [35][36][37][38].…”