Magnetic susceptibilities of surface sediments from estuary rivers in volcanic regions

Magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents in sediments of Riam Kiwa, Riam Kanan and Martapura rivers, Kalimantan Selatan province, Indonesia

“…The high Fe content of the sediments in these rivers is due to their being in a volcanic area, which has a very high Fe content; the bedrock is very high. The average Zn content in this study's sediment samples was also lower when compared to sediments from the Krueng River, Aceh, Indonesia [ 24 ]; Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia [ 22 ]; Zijiang River, Hunan, China [ 53 ]; Xiangjiang River, Hunan, China [ 54 ]; Vaigai River, Tamilnadu, India [ 52 ]; Mefou River sediments, West-Africa [ 55 ]; Gardon of Ales River, France [ 56 ]; and Gorges River, Australia [ 57 ]. The Mn content of the sediment samples in this study was higher than that of the Zijiang River in Hunan, China [ 53 ], the Halda River in Bangladesh [ 58 ], and the Chenab River in Pakistan [ 59 ].…”

“…The increased susceptibility value at the RN5 point is thought to originate from the metal enrichment factor. Because this area is a transition from the previous point, this can be indicated by the χ LF and χ FD values at the RN5 point, which increased sharply from the previous point (RN4) ( Table 1 ) [ 24 ]. The Riam Kiwa River is in an alluvial area.…”

“…The average content of heavy metals in the sediment samples of this study, when compared with the heavy metal content in sediments from other rivers, can be reported as follows: the Fe content has less Fe content when compared to the Fe content in sediments from the Krueng River, Aceh, Indonesia [ 24 ]; Brantas River, east Java, Indonesia [ 25 ]; Citarum River, west Java, Indonesia [ 22 ]; and Vaigai River, Tamilnadu, India [ 52 ]. The high Fe content of the sediments in these rivers is due to their being in a volcanic area, which has a very high Fe content; the bedrock is very high.…”

“…The average heavy Mn content found in sediment samples from the Riam Kanan river is at a level of concern called Level 2, the same as that from the Riam Kiwa and Martapura rivers. The presence of heavy metals at concentrations greater than the threshold effect concentration values in the sediments of the Riam Kanan, Riam Kiwa, and Martapura rivers is evidence of anthropogenic effects on those sediments [ 24 , 25 ].…”

“…So far, the presence of heavy metals and variations in the concentration of magnetic minerals in suspended sediments in the volcanic environment along the Citarum River have been reported by Sudarningsih et al [ 22 ]. Other studies include magnetic studies of estuary iron sand in Papua [ 23 ], as well as an estuary study in Aceh [ 24 ]. Meanwhile, Mariyanto et al [ 25 ] have reported the correlation between heavy metals and magnetic susceptibilities in sediments from the Brantas River in East Java, while Yunginger et al [ 26 ] have reported a similar study on lake sediments in Gorontalo.…”