Magnetically Powered Annelid‐Worm‐Like Microswimmers

Liu, Yiman; Ge, Dongqing; Cong, Jiawei; Piao, Hong‐Guang; Huang, Xiufeng; Xu, Yunli; Lu, Guangduo; Pan, Liqing; Liu, Min

doi:10.1002/smll.201704546

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Recent advances in microswimmers have exhibited considerable biomedical potential for targeted delivery, disease monitoring, and minimally invasive surgery, and so on. [ 1–6 ] Until now, most of the propelled microrobots have been used in vitro, and only a few in vivo studies have appeared recently. [ 7–9 ] Notwithstanding the accomplishment, there are still obstacles in successful applications of diseases theranostic, such as cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthetic Biohybrid Nanoswimmers System to Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia for FL/PA/MR Imaging‐Guided Enhanced Radio‐Photodynamic Synergetic Therapy

Zhong

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

133

108

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Biohybrid microswimmers have recently shown to be able to actively perform in targeted delivery and in vitro biomedical applications. However, more envisioned functionalities of the microswimmers aimed at in vivo treatments are still challenging. A photosynthetic biohybrid nanoswimmers system (PBNs), magnetic engineered bacteria-Spirulina platensis, is utilized for tumor-targeted imaging and therapy. The engineered PBNs is fabricated by superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 NPs) via a dip-coating process, enabling its tumor targeting ability and magnetic resonance imaging property after intravenous injection. It is found that the PBNs can be used as oxygenerator for in situ O 2 generations in hypoxic solid tumors through photosynthesis, modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), thus improving the effectiveness of radiotherapy (RT). Furthermore, the innate chlorophyll released from the RT-treated PBNs, as a photosensitizer, can produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species under laser irradiation to achieve photodynamic therapy. Excellent tumor inhibition can be realized by the combined multimodal therapies. The PBNs also possesses capacities of chlorophyll-based fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging, which can monitor the tumor therapy and tumor TME environment. These intriguing properties of the PBNs provide a promising microrobotic platform for TME hypoxic modulation and cancer theranostic applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthetic Biohybrid Nanoswimmers System to Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia for FL/PA/MR Imaging‐Guided Enhanced Radio‐Photodynamic Synergetic Therapy

Zhong

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

133

108

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“…The creation of micromotors that can convert stored energy to autonomous movement would be of great value in various applications, ranging from chemical sensing to precision water‐quality screening and from cleaning clogged arteries to repairing microscopic cracks. Many of micromotors, based on different propulsion mechanisms (e.g., magnetic fields, ultrasound filed, chemical fuels, light, and bubble propulsion), have been designed and fabricated over the past decade. Generally, they are built of rigid materials to maintain a good maneuverability, but often with limited body compliance and adaptability in confined spaces .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetically Powered Shape‐Transformable Liquid Metal Micromotors

Liu

Wang

Kuai

et al. 2019

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The creation of micromotors that can convert stored energy to autonomous movement would be of great value in various applications, ranging from chemical sensing to precision water-quality screening and from cleaning clogged arteries to repairing microscopic cracks. Many of micromotors, based on different propulsion mechanisms (e.g., magnetic fields, ultrasound filed, chemical fuels, light, and bubble propulsion), [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] have been designed and fabricated over the past decade. Generally, they are built of rigid materials [10] to maintain a good maneuverability, but often with limited body compliance and adaptability in confined spaces. [11][12][13] In contrast to the hard Shape-transformable liquid metal (LM) micromachines have attracted the attention of the scientific community over the past 5 years, but the inconvenience of transfer routes and the use of corrosive fuels have limited their potential applications. In this work, a shape-transformable LM micromotor that is fabricated by a simple, versatile ice-assisted transfer printing method is demonstrated, in which an ice layer is employed as a "sacrificial" substrate that can enable the direct transfer of LM micromotors to arbitrary target substrates conveniently. The resulting LM microswimmers display efficient propulsion of over 60 µm s −1 (≈3 bodylength s −1 ) under elliptically polarized magnetic fields, comparable to that of the common magnetic micro/ nanomotors with rigid bodies. Moreover, these LM micromotors can undergo dramatic morphological transformation in an aqueous environment under the irradiation of an alternating magnetic field. The ability to transform the shape and efficiently propel LM microswimmers holds great promise for chemical sensing, controlled cargo transport, materials science, and even artificial intelligence in ways that are not possible with rigid-bodies microrobots.bodied, nature has created a wide range of biological motors with deformable bodies at small scales. They often have strong ability to actively adapt to their environment, thus can perform various demanding tasks in complex environments. Inspired by nature, researchers have begun to explore the design and control shape-transformable micromotors composed of compliant materials [14,15] (e.g., hydrogels, [16] granular media, [17] lowmelting point alloys, [18,19] and electroactive polymers [14] ) to ensure maneuverability, adaptability and agility in practical applications. Liquid metals (LMs) are typical examples of highly extensible and adaptable compliant materials, [20,21] such as Gallium and gallium-containing alloys (e.g., eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn): 75% gallium and 25% indium; Galinstan: 68.5% gallium, 21.5% indium, and 10% tin). One of the most striking features of these gallium-based liquid metals is the nearly instant formation of a passivating oxide layer on their surface in the present of oxygen. This oxide layer (mainly composed of Ga 2 O 3 ) mechanically stabilizes the liquid metals into nonequilibrium shapes [22] and can be removed ...

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“…Several studies on biomimetic magnetic microrobots including fish, [ 26 ] sperm, [ 27 ] and annelid worm [ 28 ] shapes have also been reported. However, these studies of nonreciprocal motions mostly focused on the external structural design.…”

Section: Designs Of Magnetically Actuated Microrobotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Magnetically Actuated Microrobots for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

Choi

Hwang

Kim

et al. 2020

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Therapeutic agents, such as drugs and cells, play an essential role in virtually every treatment of injury, illness, or disease. However, the conventional practices of drug delivery often result in undesirable side effects caused by drug overdose and off‐target delivery. In the case of cell delivery, the survival rate of the transplanted cells is extremely low and difficulties with the administration route of cells remain a problem. Recently, magnetically actuated microrobots have started offering unique opportunities in targeted therapeutic delivery due to their tiny size and ability to access hard‐to‐reach lesions in a minimally invasive manner; considerable advances in this regard have been made over the past decade. Here, recent progress in magnetically actuated microrobots, developed for targeted drug/cell delivery, is presented, with a focus on their design features and mechanisms for controlled therapeutic release. Additionally, the practical challenges faced by the microrobots, and future research directions toward the swift bench‐to‐bedside translation of the microrobots are addressed.

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Magnetically Powered Annelid‐Worm‐Like Microswimmers

Cited by 34 publications

References 41 publications

Photosynthetic Biohybrid Nanoswimmers System to Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia for FL/PA/MR Imaging‐Guided Enhanced Radio‐Photodynamic Synergetic Therapy

Photosynthetic Biohybrid Nanoswimmers System to Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia for FL/PA/MR Imaging‐Guided Enhanced Radio‐Photodynamic Synergetic Therapy

Magnetically Powered Shape‐Transformable Liquid Metal Micromotors

Recent Progress in Magnetically Actuated Microrobots for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

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