Magnitude of Antenatal Depression and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in West Badewacho Woreda, Hadiyya Zone, South Ethiopia: Community Based Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background. Antenatal depression is prevalent and serious problems that is associated with psychosocial factors, obstetric history, and history of psychiatric illness. Evidence on prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depression at community level is limited in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was assessing the prevalence of antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women in West Badewacho Woreda, Hadiyya Zone, South Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. A community based cross sectional study was conducted from March 15 to April 12, 2018. To draw a total sample size of 541 pregnant women, multistage sampling technique was used. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire and standardized scale was used to collect data from each study subject. Data were entered and cleaned using Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Bivariate analysis was carried out to see crude association between each independent variable and outcome variable. Odds ratios at 95%CI were computed to measure the strength of the association between the outcome and the independent variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Results. The prevalence of antenatal depression in the study population was 23.3% (CI: 19.8–26.8). Factors significantly associated with antenatal depression were marital status other than married (single, widowed, divorced) [AOR: (2.807; 95%CI: (1.268, 6.227); p-value = 0.042], history of previous depression [AOR: 3.414; 95%CI: (1.154, 12.999); p-value = 0.001] family history of mental illness [AOR: 3.874; 95%CI: (1.653, 7.052); p-value = 0.028], recent violence from intimate partner [AOR: 3.223; 95%CI: (1.359, 7.643); p-value = 0.008], unsatisfactory marital relation [AOR: 7.568; 95%CI: (3.943, 14.523); p-value < 0.001], lack of adequate social support [AOR: 5.491; 95%CI: (2.086, 14.451); p-value < 0.001] and unplanned current pregnancy [AOR: 2.013; 95%CI: (1.025, 3.953); p-value = 0.042]. Conclusion. The prevalence of antenatal depression in west Badewacho woreda was high and it is associated with marital status, unplanned current pregnancy, history of previous depression, family history of mental illness, recent violence from intimate partner, poor marital satisfaction level, and poor social support. Improving maternal and child health services and introducing screening for depression as part of routine antenatal assessment to curb antenatal depression should get due attention.

The magnitude and determinants of depressive symptoms amongst women in early pregnancy in Southern Nigeria: A cross-sectional study

“…The current study also found that pregnant women with a previous history of obstetric complications were three times more likely to have AD compared to those without a history of past obstetric complications. This finding was in agreement with the previous reports, 22 , 43 which indicated that previous and current obstetric complications significantly increase the likelihood of development of AD amongst pregnant women. The experience of a previous obstetric complication is known to increase the likelihood of recurrence, a fact that is emphasised to women at the time of debriefing them to encourage them to seek care early to mitigate the recurrence and their consequences.…”

“…This was consistent with previous studies such as from North Ethiopia (31.1%), 18 Adama, Ethiopia (31.2%), 19 Bangladesh 20 and Nairobi, Kenya (32.9%). 21 but higher than the findings from South Ethiopia (23.3%), 22 Vietnam (25%), 23 South Ethiopia (16.3%) 24 and North West Ethiopia (15.2). 25 However, higher findings of up to 80% have been reported from Pakistan.…”

Effects of Marital Status and Social Support on Antenatal Depression: A Meta-Analysis

“…Figure 2 shows the distribution of articles from Ethiophia, Kenya, Tanzania, Qatar, Nigeria, Thailand, Rwanda, and China. 0.81 0.37 1.81 (Duko et al, 2019) 2.14 1.49 3.11 (Keliyo et al, 2021) 3.34 1.50 7.43 (Lodebo et al, 2020) 5.78 2.36 14.13 (Manongi et al, 2020) 2.25 1.26 4.02 (Massae et al, 2021) 0.61 0.37 0.98 (Naja et al, 2021) 3.20 1.70 5.90 (Oboro et al, 2022) 4.70 2.99 7.38 (Umuziga et al, 2022) 4.45 1.83 10.84 (Yu et al, 2020) 2.37 1.20 4.66 (Zelalem et al, 2020) 2.07 1.12 3.87 (Zeng et al, 2015) 0.92 0.88 0.97 . The Forest plot indicates the effect of marital status on the incidence of antenatal depression.…”

Antenatal Depression and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Service in Kochi Health Center, Jimma Town, Ethiopia

“…It is a multifaceted illness that has varying consequences for a woman's mental health, physical health, the family's functioning, and her children's [ 11 – 13 ]. Antenatal depressive symptoms have the potential to impact negatively upon health service utilization and thereby contribute to increased perinatal complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and maternal mortality [ 14 , 15 ].…”