Maïdo observatory: a new high-altitude station facility at Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) for long-term atmospheric remote sensing and in situ measurements

Baray, Jean-Luc; Courcoux, Yann; Keckhut, Philippe; Portafaix, Thierry; Tulet, Pierre; Cammas, Jean‐Pierre; Hauchecorne, Alain; Beekmann, Sophie Godin; Mazière, Martine De; Hermans, Christian; Desmet, Filip; Sellegri, Karine; Colomb, A.; Ramonet, Michel; Sciare, Jean; Vuillemin, C.; Hoareau, Christophe; Dionisi, Davide; Duflot, Valentin; Vérèmes, Hélène; Porteneuve, Jacques; Gabarrot, Franck; Gaudo, T.; Metzger, Jean‐Marc; Payen, Guillaume; Bellevue, Jimmy Leclair de; Barthe, Christelle; Posny, Françoise; Ricaud, Philippe; Abchiche, A.; Delmas, R.

doi:10.5194/amt-6-2865-2013

Cited by 90 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…This instrument has been in operation at the Maïdo observatory since early 2013. The technical details and evaluation of its performance are given by Baray et al (2013). A brief description of this DIAL system follows.…”

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“…The MORGANE ground-based observational systems combine lidar and balloon-borne payloads to study the composition and the dynamics of the UTLS in the Southern Hemisphere. Among measurement data from four lidar systems operated during this campaign, we used data from the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system built for stratospheric ozone monitoring (Baray et al, 2013). It is also possible to retrieve aerosol profiles in the 15-38 km altitude range from these measurements.…”

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Long-range transport of stratospheric aerosols in the Southern Hemisphere following the 2015 Calbuco eruption

et al. 2017

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Abstract. After 43 years of inactivity, the Calbuco volcano, which is located in the southern part of Chile, erupted on 22 April 2015. The space-time evolutions (distribution and transport) of its aerosol plume are investigated by combining satellite (CALIOP, IASI, OMPS), in situ aerosol counting (LOAC OPC) and lidar observations, and the MIMOSA advection model. The Calbuco aerosol plume reached the Indian Ocean 1 week after the eruption. Over the Reunion Island site (21 • S, 55.5 • E), the aerosol signal was unambiguously enhanced in comparison with "background" conditions, with a volcanic aerosol layer extending from 18 to 21 km during the May-July period. All the data reveal an increase by a factor of ∼ 2 in the SAOD (stratospheric aerosol optical depth) with respect to values observed before the eruption. The aerosol mass e-folding time is approximately 90 days, which is rather close to the value (∼ 80 days) reported for the Sarychev eruption. Microphysical measurements obtained before, during, and after the eruption reflecting the impact of the Calbuco eruption on the lower stratospheric aerosol content have been analyzed over the Reunion Island site. During the passage of the plume, the volcanic aerosol was characterized by an effective radius of 0.16 ± 0.02 µm with a unimodal size distribution for particles above 0.2 µm in diameter. Particle concentrations for sizes larger than 1 µm are too low to be properly detected by the LOAC OPC. The aerosol number concentration was ∼ 20 times higher that observed before and 1 year after the eruption. According to OMPS and lidar observations, a tendency toward conditions before the eruption was observed by April 2016. The volcanic aerosol plume is advected eastward in the Southern Hemisphere and its latitudinal extent is clearly bounded by the subtropical barrier and the polar vortex. The transient behavior of the aerosol layers observed above Reunion Island between May and July 2015 reflects an inhomogeneous spatio-temporal distribution of the plume, which is controlled by the localization of these dynamical barriers.

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Long-range transport of stratospheric aerosols in the Southern Hemisphere following the 2015 Calbuco eruption

et al. 2017

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“…There, during nighttime, the conditions are optimal for radiometric observations because the observatory is located at 2200 meters above sea level and near the free troposphere during the night (Baray et al, 2013). However, during daytime, when microclimatic effects and convection are dominant, the opacity is highly variable as shown in Fig.…”

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WIRA-C: A compact 142-GHz-radiometer for continuous middle-atmospheric wind measurements

Hagen¹,

Murk²,

Rüfenacht³

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Ground-based microwave wind radiometry provides a method to measure horizontal wind speeds at altitudes between 35 and 75 km as it has been shown by various previous studies. No other method is capable of continuously delivering wind measurements in this altitude region.In this paper, we present the WIRA-C (WInd Radiometer for Campaigns) instrument that observes the 142.17504 GHz rotational transition line of ozone with a high spectral resolution using a low noise single side band heterodyne receiver. 5Because the emitting molecules are drifting with the wind, the line is Doppler shifted. Together with the pressure broadening effect, this allows the retrieval of altitude resolved wind profiles.The novel WIRA-C instrument represents the newest development in microwave wind radiometry. The main improvements include the compact structure, lower noise and an advanced retrieval setup. This paper describes the instrument and the data processing with a focus on the retrieval that takes into account a three-dimensional atmosphere and has never been used in 10 ground-based radiometry before. The retrieval yields profiles of horizontal wind speeds with a 12 hour time resolution and a vertical resolution of 10 km for zonal and 10 to 15 km for meridional wind speeds. We give an error estimate that accounts for the thermal noise on the measured spectra and additionally estimate systematic errors using Monte Carlo methods.WIRA-C has been continuously measuring horizontal wind speeds since one year at the Maïdo observatory on La Réu-nion Island (21.4• S, 55.9• E). We present the time series of this campaign and compare our measurements to model data

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“…During the STRAP campaign, the OPAR has coordinated different laboratories specialised in atmospheric science. The Maïdo atmospheric observatory (Baray et al, 2013) located at 2200 m altitude and at 43 km north-west of the Piton de La Fournaise (Fig. 1) is the main observation site of the OPAR.…”

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First results of the Piton de la Fournaise STRAP 2015 experiment: multidisciplinary tracking of a volcanic gas and aerosol plume

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The STRAP (Synergie Transdisciplinaire pour Répondre aux Aléas liés aux Panaches volcaniques) campaign was conducted over the entire year of 2015 to investigate the volcanic plumes of Piton de La Fournaise (La Réu-nion, France). For the first time, measurements at the local (near the vent) and at the regional scales were conducted around the island. The STRAP 2015 campaign has become possible thanks to strong cross-disciplinary collaboration between volcanologists and meteorologists. The main observations during four eruptive periods (85 days) are summarised. They include the estimates of SO 2 , CO 2 and H 2 O emissions, the altitude of the plume at the vent and over different areas of La Réunion Island, the evolution of the SO 2 concentration, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol extinction profile. A climatology of the volcanic plume dispersion is also reported. Simulations and measurements show that the plumes formed by weak eruptions have a stronger interaction with the surface of the island. Strong SO 2 mixing ratio and particle concentrations above 1000 ppb and 50 000 cm −3 respectively are frequently measured over a distance of 20 km from Piton de la Fournaise. The measured aerosol size distribution shows the predominance of small particles in the volcanic plume. Several cases of strong nucleation of sulfuric acid have been observed within the plume and at the distal site of the Maïdo observatory. The STRAP 2015 campaign provides a unique set of multi-disciplinary data that can now be used by modellers to improve the numerical parameterisations of the physical and chemical evolution of the volcanic plumes.

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Maïdo observatory: a new high-altitude station facility at Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) for long-term atmospheric remote sensing and in situ measurements

Abstract: Abstract. Since the nineties, atmospheric measurement systems have been deployed at Reunion Island, mainly for monitoring the atmospheric composition in the framework of NDSC/NDACC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric

Cited by 90 publications

References 47 publications

Long-range transport of stratospheric aerosols in the Southern Hemisphere following the 2015 Calbuco eruption

Long-range transport of stratospheric aerosols in the Southern Hemisphere following the 2015 Calbuco eruption

WIRA-C: A compact 142-GHz-radiometer for continuous middle-atmospheric wind measurements

First results of the Piton de la Fournaise STRAP 2015 experiment: multidisciplinary tracking of a volcanic gas and aerosol plume

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