Maize Stalk Lodging: Morphological Determinants of Stalk Strength

Robertson, Daniel J.; Julias, Margaret; Lee, Shien Yang; Cook, Douglas D.

doi:10.2135/cropsci2016.07.0569

Cited by 112 publications

(117 citation statements)

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“…A previous study from our lab describes the scanning and testing of 980 maize stalk specimens (Robertson et al , 2017). The experiments and data collected in that study were used as a starting point for this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this study was to test the ideas put forth in our 2015 paper by using both physical and in silico experiments to more clearly determine the influence of the geometry and material properties on the structural robustness of maize stems. Another previous study from our research group identified relationships between morphological features of maize stems and their bending strength (Robertson et al , 2017). This study looks to expand on those two previous studies with more detailed specimen-specific finite element models to broaden our understanding of the effects of geometry and material properties on maize stem strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

Larson²,

Dd³

2019

Preprint

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This study utilized physical and in silico experiments to confirm that geometric parameters are far 30 more influential in determining stalk strength than mechanical tissue stiffnesses. Abstract 32The maize (Zea mays) stem is a biological structure that must both balance biotic and structural 33 load bearing duties. These competing requirements are particularly relevant in the design of new 34 bioenergy crops. With the right balance between structural and biological activities, it may be 35 possible to design crops that are high-yielding and have digestible biomass. But increased stem 36 digestibility is typically associated with a lower structural strength and higher propensity for 37 lodging. This study investigates the hypothesis that geometric factors are much more influential in 38 determining structural strength than tissue properties. To study these influences, both physical and 39 in silico experiments were used. First, maize stems were tested in three-point bending. Specimen-40 specific finite element models were created based on x-ray computed tomography scans. Models 41 were validated by comparison with in vitro data. As hypothesized, geometry was found to have a 42 much stronger influence on structural stability than material properties. This information 43 reinforces the notion that deficiencies in tissue strength could be offset by manipulation of stalk 44 morphology, thus allowing the creation of stalks with are both resilient and digestible. 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

Larson²,

Dd³

2019

Preprint

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“…While this result seems counter-intuitive, there may be a simple explanation. It has been shown that stalk morphology, and in particular the section modulus, is the strongest predictor of stalk bending strength (Robertson et al, 2017), and that lignin is primarily located in the rind tissue. Section modulus is an engineering term used to describe how the mass of an object is distributed about its centroid and is used to calculate the strength and stiffness of three-dimensional structures (Robertson et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that stalk morphology, and in particular the section modulus, is the strongest predictor of stalk bending strength (Robertson et al, 2017), and that lignin is primarily located in the rind tissue. Section modulus is an engineering term used to describe how the mass of an object is distributed about its centroid and is used to calculate the strength and stiffness of three-dimensional structures (Robertson et al, 2017). Since section modulus has been hypothesized to have more influence on stalk strength than tissue properties (Von Forell et al, 2015), stalks with a larger section modulus may have less need for the reinforcing role of lignin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stalk Bending Strength is Strongly Associated with Maize Stalk Lodging Incidence Across Multiple Environments

Sekhon

Joyner

Ackerman

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Stalk lodging in maize results in substantial yield losses worldwide. These losses could be prevented through genetic improvement. However, breeding efforts and genetics studies are hindered by lack of a robust and economical phenotyping method for assessing stalk lodging resistance. A field-based phenotyping platform that induces failure patterns consistent with natural stalk lodging events and measures stalk bending strength in field-grown plants was recently developed. Here we examine the association between data gathered from this new phenotyping platform with counts of stalk lodging incidence on a select group of maize hybrids. For comparative purposes, we examine four additional predictive phenotypes commonly assumed to be related to stalk lodging resistance; namely, rind puncture resistance, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Historical counts of lodging incidence were gathered on 47 hybrids, grown in 98 distinct environments, spanning four years and 41 unique geographical locations in North America. Using Bayesian generalized linear mixed effects models, we show that stalk lodging incidence is associated with each of the five predictive phenotypes. Further, based on a joint analysis we demonstrate that, among the phenotypes considered, stalk bending strength measured by the new phenotyping platform is the most important predictive phenotype of naturally occurring stalk lodging incidence in maize, followed by rind puncture resistance and cellulose content. This study demonstrates that field-based measurements of stalk bending strength provide a reliable estimate of stalk lodging incidence. The stalk bending strength data acquired from the new phenotyping platform will be valuable for phenotypic selection in breeding programs and for generating mechanistic insights into the genetic regulation of stalk lodging resistance. Box 1: Description of key termsLodging resistance: A conceptual, holistic assessment of the ability of a genotype to withstand external forces (wind and gravity) and the many biotic factors (insects, disease, etc.) that contribute lodging. This term refers to the overall behavior of a particular variety. Predictive phenotypes: Phenotypic traits of a maize plant that are closely related to lodging resistance. The predictive phenotypes used in this study are defined below. Bending strength: The measurement of the maximum amount of bending load that a stalk can tolerate. This is a per-plant measurement. Lodging incidence: A count (or proportion) of plants lodged in a given area. This is a per-plot measurement. Rind penetration resistance: The measurement of the maximum force required to press a thin rod through the rind of a stalk. This is per-plant measurement. Lignin, Cellulose, and Hemicellulose Content: The proportion of dry weight of the stalk tissue that is composed of these structural macro-molecules. This may be a per-plant or perplot measurement.

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“…An incomplete understanding of stalk lodging impedes efforts to improve maize production (Robertson et al, 2017). Yield losses in maize due to stalk lodging negatively impact farmers and affect the whole society because of the instability created in the overall crop supply (Robertson et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Maize Stalk Lodging Resistance in Cyclic Cross Selection

Ona¹,

Muntean²,

Haş³

et al. 2017

UASVMCN-AGR

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Stalk lodging resistance is a particularly important trait on maize, especially in terms of mechanized harvesting of the crop. Stalk lodging represents a major problem of corn with yield losses. Because of this reason, it takes a special attention on the breeding process. The purpose of this research was the study of maize stalk lodging resistance before the harvest time and finding the best breeding lines for this type of resistance. We used 7 breeding lines (TE 229, TE 202B, TA 452, TE 330A, TD 364, TE 317 and TE 335) as maternal lines and another 3 (TD 268, TC 385A and TC 399) as testers. Lines were tested in 2011 and 2012, in compared cultures with 24 variants, where 21 of them were the experimental hybrids between tested lines and testers and the other 3 were the control hybrids Turda 201, Turda Favorit and PR39D81. Variance analysis was performed according to the classical model of a two-factor system. Genic effects were calculated after 2 nd North Carolina model. Regarding the results, the highest percentage of unbroken plants was on TD 268 tester (80.7%) and the lowest on TD 364 tested line (70.2%). Tested lines that was noted for the general combining ability of lodging resistance were TA 452 and TE 335. Crossings that marked high values for non-additive effects were TA 452 x TC 385A, TE 202B x TC 399 and TE 202B x TD 268. Effects values for general combining ability were between -4.72% and +4.49% on tested lines, -1.68% and +5.78% on testers; effects values for specific combining ability were between -11.25% and +7.58%. Regarding the tested lines was noted TA 452 inbred line and regarding the testers was noted TD 268 inbred line. On this issue, we can state that in the selection process of maize hybrids must be chosen only those hybrid combinations with stalk-lodging resistance because of the similar contribution of additive and non-additive genic effects to resistant genotypes.

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Maize Stalk Lodging: Morphological Determinants of Stalk Strength

Cited by 112 publications

References 16 publications

Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

Stalk Bending Strength is Strongly Associated with Maize Stalk Lodging Incidence Across Multiple Environments

Study on Maize Stalk Lodging Resistance in Cyclic Cross Selection

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