Maja Fruit Extracts Inhibit Escherichia coli, Reduce Fly Larvae Population, and Ammonia Emission of Chicken Excreta

Abstract

The characteristic of chicken excreta has a very potential as a breeding media for flies and is known for causing odorous pollutants (NH 3 emission) from undigested protein and the activities of urease microorganisms. This study is focused on extracting Maja fruit, to quantify marmelosin from different fruit conditions using HPLC, and to determine the biological activity for handling the chicken excreta problems. In this study, the Kirby-Bauer Test was used to observe the antibacterial activity of marmelosin, the NH 3 trapping method was used to determine ammonia emission, and the larvae population was determined by the Fly-Grill method. Marmelosin contents in MFE from immature, mature, and fermented fruit condition were 108.65 μg/g; 65.83 μg/g, and 23.02 μg/g, respectively. The increasing level of marmelosin addition to 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL caused the higher diameter of inhibition zone against E. coli (p<0.05), which were 2.50, 2.90, 5.06, and 7.27 mm, respectively. The increasing level of MFE addition at 5, 7.5, and 10% (v/v) showed a higher inhibition effect on the NH 3 emission from the excreta. The addition of MFE up to 10% (v/v) had no significant effect on the total larvae population of flies that existed in the excreta. It can be concluded that the highest marmelosin content was confirmed in the immature fruit condition. The highest antibacterial activity of marmelosin from MFE was shown at the concentration of 200 μg/mL. The application of 10% (v/v) MFE to the excreta gave the highest inhibition of NH 3 emission and minimized the average larvae population of flies.

Isolation and identification of secondary metabolites in ethyl acetate extract from the Maja bark (Aegle marmelos Linn.)

“…The results of A. marmelos Correa isolation found a Coumarin, marmarin 7-(6'-7 'dihidroxygeranial-oxy), which actively inhibits leukemia cells (Nugroho et al, 2011). In another research, the highest concentration of marmelosin (108.65 μg / g) was observed in immature Maja fruit and the highest antibacterial activity of marmelosin against E. coli was shown at a concentration of 200 µg / ml by using the HPLC instrument (Svaefullah et al, 2020).…”

Mitigation of Ammonia Gas Emissions from Chicken Layer Excreta Using Indigenous Microorganisms Produced by Fermented Tobacco Leaves

“…Ammonia is a volatile compound and can be toxic to humans as well livestock at certain environmental levels. Therefore, the negative impacts that arise should be eliminated or reduced so that the business can grow and fulfill the community's animal protein needs [1].…”

“…The application of fermented fruit to reduce ammonia emission has been studied before [1,2]. In addition, some microbes' benefits in reducing ammonia have been studied [3][4][5].…”

Analysis of the Fly Population in the Community Around the Landfill Area through Ex Post Facto Approach

“…Various types of microorganisms are found in flies' bodies, such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Bacillus sp., Serratia marcescens, Ascaris spp., Entamoeba spp., Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Candida spp. [12]- [15].…”

“…Poor sanitation contributes to an increase in the number of fly populations, one of the vectors for disease spread [27]. A lack of monitoring and surveillance activities by the health program manager, particularly in the management of disease spread and control, is evidence of a lack of attention to the impact of fly problems [12].…”