Major Lineages of the Genus Lilium (Liliaceae) Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences, with Special Emphasis on the Korean Species

Abstract

We present most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 196 accessions of Lilium representing 83 species and 14 varieties of Lilium and three outgroup genera (Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, and Fritillaria) to investigate infrageneric relationships within Lilium as well as to determine the origin and evolution of Korean species of Lilium. We used the internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference identified several major lineages within Lilium. Only one section, Martagon, turned out to be monophyletic in the study. Three sections, Archelirion, Liriotypus, and Pseudolirium, are not monophyletic because two, one, and two species in each section were placed in other lineage, respectively. Two major lineages of section Leucolirion were confirmed in this study, and as several previous studies suggested, section Sinomartagon is highly polyphyletic. The origin of Lilium hansonii, a Korean endemic to Ullung Island, is perplexing given the fact that it has ribotype of Martagon, while its cpDNA haplotype is similar to Sinomartagon. The origin of another endemic, Lilium amabile, is equally elusive and additional phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies will shed light on their evolutions in Korea. We determined that Lilium callosum var. flavum originated from L. callosum in Southern Korea.

Pollen morphology and anatomical features of Lilium (Liliaceae) taxa from Turkey

“…Also our findings supports to place L. candidum in a separate section. But recent molecular studies performed on Turkish (İkinci 2005Ikinci et al 2006) and non Turkish Lilium representatives (Nishikawa et al 2001;Rønsted et al 2005;Resetnik et al 2007;Muratovic et al 2010b;Lee et al 2011;Gao et al 2012) supported Comber's (1949) view. In contrast to the above mentioned molecular studies, Muratović et al (2010c) indicated that L. candidum presents a particular pattern quite different from other European representatives of the sect.…”

“…But a more detailed and acceptable classification was proposed by Comber (1949) with seven sections based on combination of 13 morphological characteristics and two germination types. The infrageneric treatment of Comber (1949) has been supported by some molecular studies of Nishikawa et al (2001), Ikinci (2005Ikinci ( , 2011, Ikinci et al (2006), Rønsted et al (2005), Resetnik et al (2007), Muratovic et al (2010b), Lee et al (2011) and Gao et al (2012).…”

Evolutionary events in Lilium (including Nomocharis, Liliaceae) are temporally correlated with orogenies of the Q–T plateau and the Hengduan Mountains

“…Liang (1984) and Liang and Tamura (2000) mentioned the possibility of combining Lilium and Nomocharis, but opted to retain two separate genera pending phylogenetic investigations. Since then, evidence from molecular phylogenetic studies shows that Nomocharis may be nested within Lilium and supports redefining Lilium to include Nomocharis (Nishikawa et al, 1999(Nishikawa et al, , 2001Hayashi and Kawano, 2000;Lee et al, 2011;Gao et al, 2012). In most previous phylogenetic studies, sampling of Nomocharis was limited to one or two species and authors asserted that additional sampling was needed before making taxonomic revisions (Nishikawa et al, 1999(Nishikawa et al, , 2001Hayashi and Kawano, 2000;Rønsted et al, 2005).…”

Complete plastome sequence of Lilium pardalinum Kellogg (Liliaceae)

“…This section was considered to be very closely related to section Martagon because of whorled leaves (Comber 1949;Lighty 1968). However, the most recent phylogenetic analyses using molecular markers indicated that both the sections are distantly related (Hayashi and Kawano 2000;Lee et al 2011;Gao et al 2013;Du et al 2014). Lilium pardalinum Kellogg belongs to the section Pseudolirium and is native to the Pacific Coast of the United States, growing in woodland near streams (McRae et al 1998).…”