Malaria Transmission in Urban Sub-Saharan Africa

Robert, Vincent; Macintyre, Kate; Keating, Joseph; Trape, Jean François; Duchemin, Jean Bernard; Warren, McWilson; Beier, John C.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.169

Cited by 381 publications

(415 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In some places, urbanization has led to a decrease in malaria transmission risk, likely because of changes in vector habitat, use of prevention methods, and greater access to effective and timely treatment. 11 In other areas, poor housing and sanitation likely led to an increase in human-vector contact. 12 The high prevalence of malaria among febrile patients may be related to a disorganized urbanization process and/or possible changes in vector behavior and habitat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Maputo City, Mozambique

Oliveira

Mutemba²,

Morgan³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We conducted a health facility-based survey to estimate the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients at health facilities (HFs) in Maputo City. Patients answered a questionnaire on malaria risk factors and underwent malaria testing. A malaria case was defined as a positive result for malaria by microscopy in a patient with fever or history of fever in the previous 24 hours. Among 706 patients with complete information, 111 (15.7%) cases were identified: 105 were positive for Plasmodium falciparum only, two for Plasmodium ovale only, and four for both P. falciparum and P. ovale . Fever documented at study enrollment, age ≥ 5 years, rural HF, and travel outside Maputo City were statistically significantly associated with malaria by multivariate analysis. We found a high prevalence of laboratory-confirmed malaria among febrile patients in Maputo City. Further studies are needed to relate these findings with mosquito density to better support malaria prevention and control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Maputo City, Mozambique

Oliveira

Mutemba²,

Morgan³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Also, malaria transmission is largely influenced by housing type, housing materials, and access to preventive measures (e.g. screens, insecticide and bed nets), which are likely to be better in urban areas resulting in a lower risk (Robert et al, 2003).…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the effects of air temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence: an epidemiological study across Rwanda and Uganda

Colón‐González¹,

Tompkins²,

Biondi³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

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We investigate the short-term effects of air temperature, rainfall, and socioeconomic indicators on malaria incidence across Rwanda and Uganda from 2002 to 2011. Delayed and nonlinear effects of temperature and rainfall data are estimated using generalised additive mixed models with a distributed lag nonlinear specification. A time series cross-validation algorithm is implemented to select the best subset of socioeconomic predictors and to define the degree of smoothing of the weather variables. Our findings show that trends in malaria incidence agree well with variations in both temperature and rainfall in both countries, although factors other than climate seem to play an important role too. The estimated short-term effects of air temperature and precipitation are nonlinear, in agreement with previous research and the ecology of the disease. These effects are robust to the effects of temporal correlation. The effects of socioeconomic data are difficult to ascertain and require further evaluation with longer time series. Climate-informed models had lower error estimates compared to models with no climatic information in 77 and 60% of the districts in Rwanda and Uganda, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of using climatic information in the analysis of malaria surveillance data, and show potential for the development of climateinformed malaria early warning systems. IntroductionDespite the global contraction in range over the past century , malaria still imposes a significant health and socioeconomic burden to many countries (WHO, 2013). The World Health Organization estimates that about 3.4 billion people are at risk of malaria (WHO, 2013). Approximately 207 million cases and 627,000 deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide (WHO, 2013). About 90% of the total mortality occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, and 77% of that percentage happens in children under 5 years of age (WHO, 2013). Two countries significantly affected by malaria are Rwanda and Uganda. Malaria has long been considered the main cause of morbidity and mortality in both countries (NISR, MOH and ICF International, 2012; UBOS and ICF International, 2012). Over the period 2002 to 2011, more than five million malaria cases were reported in Rwanda to government health facilities. The number was significantly greater in Uganda with about 100 million reports of suspected malaria cases between 2002 and 2010.Trends in malaria incidence could be attributed to the complex interplay of a range of determinants including climatic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors (Kazembe et al., 2006;Lowe et al., 2013;Rulisa et al., 2013). Statistical models are useful tools that allow us: i) to understand how disease outcomes change as a function of variations in their key driver; and ii) to predict disease outcomes based on the dynamics of such drivers (James et al., 2013). This paper aims to investigate the ways in which malaria incidence varies as a function of short-term changes in air temperature and rainfall over the period [2002][2003][2004][2005][...

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“…1 Urban centers are rapidly expanding, 2 particularly on their peripheries, where poor-quality housing, lack of drainage, the presence of agriculture, and poverty intensify malaria transmission. 1,3 Of particular concern is urban malaria in the continent's densely populated epidemic-prone highland fringe, where increasingly frequent epidemics and rising malaria incidence and mortality form a disturbing trend. 4 Evidence of this trend is the devastating malaria epidemic that occurred in Ethiopia's central highlands in 2003, causing an estimated 16 million clinical malaria cases and up to 114,000 malaria-attributable deaths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Temporal-Spatial Analysis of Malaria Transmission in Adama, Ethiopia

Peterson¹,

Borrell²,

El‐Sadr³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Urban malaria is a growing problem in Africa. Small-scale spatial studies are useful in identifying foci of malaria transmission in urban communities. A population-based cohort study comprising 8,088 individuals was conducted in Adama, Ethiopia. During a single malaria season, the Kulldorff scan statistic identified one temporally stable spatial malaria cluster within 350 m of a major Anopheles breeding site. Factors associated with malaria incidence were residential proximity to vector breeding site, poor house condition (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 2.9), and a high level of vegetation (IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.3). Maximum (IRR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.9) and minimum daily temperatures (°C; IRR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.2, 1.5) were positively associated with malaria incidence after a 1-month delay. Rainfall was positively associated with malaria incidence after a 10-day delay. Findings support the use of small scale mapping and targeted vector control in urban malaria control programs in Africa.

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Malaria Transmission in Urban Sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 381 publications

References 42 publications

Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Maputo City, Mozambique

Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Maputo City, Mozambique

Assessing the effects of air temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence: an epidemiological study across Rwanda and Uganda

A Temporal-Spatial Analysis of Malaria Transmission in Adama, Ethiopia

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