Male 11-ketotestosterone levels change as a result of being watched in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens

Dzieweczynski, Teresa L.; Eklund, Amy; Rowland, William J.

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.12.023

Cited by 53 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It has also been shown that the patterns of release of 17,20β-P and testosterone (T) by female goldfish ) and of cortisol by sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax; Fanouraki et al, 2008: this issue) closely matched changes in plasma steroid concentrations recorded in separate experiments. There has been only one published study in which a statistically significant relationship was not found -with 11-KT in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens); however, sample numbers in this study were low (Dzieweczynski et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Non-invasive measurement of steroids in fish-holding water: important considerations when applying the procedure to behaviour studies

Scott¹,

Hirschenhauser²,

Bender³

et al. 2008

Behav

109

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SummaryFish behaviourists are increasingly turning to non-invasive measurement of steroid hormones in holding water, as opposed to blood plasma. When some of us met at a workshop in Faro, Portugal, in September, 2007, we realised that there were still many issues concerning the application of this procedure that needed resolution, including: Why do we measure release rates rather than just concentrations of steroids in the water? How does one interpret steroid release rates when dealing with fish of different sizes? What are the merits of measuring conjugated as well as free steroids in water? In the 'static' sampling procedure, where fish are placed in a separate container for a short period of time, does this affect steroid releaseand, if so, how can it be minimised? After exposing a fish to a behavioural stimulus, when is the optimal time to sample? What is the minimum amount of validation when applying the procedure to a new species? The purpose of this review is to attempt to answer these questions and, in doing so, to emphasize that application of the non-invasive procedure requires more planning and validation than conventional plasma sampling. However, we consider that the rewards justify the extra effort.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Non-invasive measurement of steroids in fish-holding water: important considerations when applying the procedure to behaviour studies

Scott¹,

Hirschenhauser²,

Bender³

et al. 2008

Behav

109

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“…The results presented here validate the use of holdingwater as a noninvasive measure of circulating cortisol levels: there is residual background cortisol immunoreactivity, cortisol recovery is considerably high (82.6%) and within the scope of recovery values reported in other studies, 17,26 and the cortisol values for the extracts dilution curve parallels those of the standard curve, indicating an absence of interference by other immunoreactive substances in the medium. Furthermore, plasma and holding-water cortisol levels show positive significant correlations for both sexes despite males having higher cortisol baseline levels than females, and the ACTH challenge elicited a significant increase in holding-water cortisol levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Studies using holding-water steroid measurements have been successfully accomplished not only in groups of fish but also in single fish, and cover a wide range of research topics, from reproductive physiology, [11][12][13][14][15] to stress research in aquaculture, fish welfare, and conservation contexts, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] to behavioural endocrinology. 13,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] This method is based on the principle that different steroid fractions exit fish through different routes: free steroids are released into the water through the gills by passive diffusion, whereas sulfated and glucuronidated steroids come mainly from the urine and the feces (via the bile), respectively. 31,32 Therefore, free steroids in the water must reflect circulating levels of the physiologically active fraction in the plasma.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Measurement of Steroid Hormones in Zebrafish Holding-Water

et al. 2013

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Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently emerged as a new animal model in neuroendocrinology and behavior (e.g., stress physiology and ecotoxicology studies). In these areas, the concentrations of steroid hormones in the blood are often used to study the endocrinological status of individuals. However, due to the small body size of zebrafish, blood sampling is difficult to perform and the amount of plasma obtained per sample for assaying hormones is very small (ca. 1-5 lL), and therefore most studies have been using whole-body hormone concentrations, which implies sacrificing the individuals and hampers sequential sampling of the same individual. Here a noninvasive method to assay steroid hormones from zebrafish holding-water, based on the fact that steroids are released into the fish holding-water through the gills by passive diffusion, is validated. Cortisol and the androgen 11-ketotestosterone (KT) were measured in water samples and compared to plasma levels in the same individuals. Cortisol released to holding-water correlates positively with plasma concentrations, but there was a lack of correlation between KT water and circulating levels. However, KT levels showed a highly significant sex difference that can be used to noninvasively sex individuals. An ACTH challenge test demonstrated that an induced increase in circulating cortisol concentration can be reliably detected in holding-water levels, hence attesting the responsiveness of holding-water levels to fluctuations in circulating levels.

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“…6). The role of androgens as modulators in adjusting behavior to the social context has been studied in several social phenomena such as the winner-looser effect (7), the dear-enemy effect (8), the audience effect (9), and the bystander effect (10), and in all these social phenomena transitory changes in hormonal levels induced by social challenges appear to be the likely mediators of the behavioral output (for a review see ref . 11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal anticipation of territorial challenges in cichlid fish

Antunes

Oliveira

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In many territorial species androgens respond to social interactions. This response has been interpreted as a mechanism for adjusting aggressive motivation to a changing social environment. Therefore, it would be adaptive to anticipate social challenges and reacting to their clues with an anticipatory androgen response to adjust agonistic motivation to an imminent social challenge. Here we test the hypothesis of an anticipatory androgen response to territorial intrusions using classical conditioning to establish an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS ‫؍‬ light) and an unconditioned stimulus (US ‫؍‬ intruder male) in male cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). During the training phase conditioned males (CS؊US paired presentations) showed a higher decrease in latency for agonistic response toward the intruder than unconditioned males (CS-US unpaired presentations). In the test trial, conditioned males showed an increase in androgen levels (i.e., testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone) relative to baseline, in response to the CS alone. This increase was similar to that of control males exposed to real intruders after CS, whereas unconditioned males showed a decrease in androgen levels in response to the CS. Furthermore, conditioned males were significantly more aggressive than unconditioned males during the post-CS period on test trial, even though the intruder male was not present during this period. These results reveal the occurrence of a conditioned androgen response that may give territorial males an advantage in mounting a defense to upcoming territorial intrusions, if the ability to readily elevate androgens does not co-vary with other traits that bear costs.aggression ͉ androgens ͉ associative learning

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Male 11-ketotestosterone levels change as a result of being watched in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens

Cited by 53 publications

References 33 publications

Non-invasive measurement of steroids in fish-holding water: important considerations when applying the procedure to behaviour studies

Non-invasive measurement of steroids in fish-holding water: important considerations when applying the procedure to behaviour studies

Noninvasive Measurement of Steroid Hormones in Zebrafish Holding-Water

Hormonal anticipation of territorial challenges in cichlid fish

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