Malnutrition in Infancy: Changes in Muscle and Adipose Tissue Before and After Rehabilitation

Cheek, Donald B.; Hill, Donald E.; Cordano, Angel; Graham, George G.

doi:10.1203/00006450-197003000-00004

Cited by 82 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Thus, to reasonably estimate the number of muscle cells from the D N A content of muscle, it is necessary to correct the latter by a factor of one-third. When the total number of muscle cells from biopsy data and a value for total muscle mass are estimated the assumption is made that the composition of the sampled muscle is representative of the (2,3,10,15). A n underlying a s s u m p assumption but studies in normal and malnourished rats suggest tion of this mathematic expression is that nonmuscle cells in the that changes in DNA content of the quadriceps femoris parallel muscle sample contribute insignificantly to the protein and D N A those of other muscles (3,11).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sections for light microscontent or concentration is frequently used as a reference to copy (' ml*) were cut On an LKB ultramicrotome and stained express biochemical responses of other muscle constituents to (6). The total number of nuclei in each section was determined protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) (2,3,10,14) and to nutri-at a magnification of 40Ox on an 0 '~~~~s microsco~e. Counts tional rehabilitation (2, The use of DNA as a reference is were made on sections from five different specimen blocks per based on the assumption "that no cells are present in the subject.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Analysis of Nuclear Population in Muscle from Malnourished and Recovered Children

1978

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Summarybution of nuclei among the cell types in muscle of children before and after recovery from severe PEM. Muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy from the quadriceps femoris of eight malnourished and eight recovered children were examined histologically. In both groups about two-thirds of the MATERIALS AND METHODStotal nuclear count was due to muscle nuclei. The remaining Muscle samples were obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy one-third was made Up of vascular, nerve, and interstitial cells (7) of the quadriceps fernoris. Biopsies from eight malnourished and isolated nuclei in similar proportions in the two groups. A Jamaican children were obtained 2-7 days after their admission significantly greater percentage of muscle nuclei consisted of for severe PEM. The mean age (kSD) of these children on myogenic cells in recovered children as compared to malnour-admission was 15.9 (k4.8) months. Biopsies were taken from ished children (20.7 + 6.4 vs. 2.6 1.4%) eight other children who had recovered from sFvere PEM and had achieved, on average, 95% of their expected weight for Speculation height (50th percentile of the Boston standards). Their mean ages (kSD) on admission and after recovery were 16.0 (k3.2) The presence of a higher percentage of m~ogenic in and 18.5 (k3.2) months, respectively. The anthropometric muscle children who have P~~~~~~-~~~~~Y measurements of the malnourished children who were biopsied malnutrition suggests that muscle repletion involves hyperplastic and of the recovered group when they were admitted for PEM growth and that muscle maturation in recovered were similar

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Nuclear Population in Muscle from Malnourished and Recovered Children

1978

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“…Marasmic infants with body weights at 50% of normality for their age had a total muscle mass which was only 30% of normal and both muscle bundles and individual ®bres were reduced proportionately with severe attenuation of individual muscle ®bres (Montgomery, 1962a). Cheek et al (1970) showed that the reduction in muscle mass was mainly due to a reduction in cell size and cell mass and not due to differences in cell numbers. The weight and size of the heart is reduced in severe PEM and so is the size of the kidneys in children dying of acute PEM.…”

Section: Responses To Low Energy Intakes In Infants and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Reduction in energy intake below the acceptable level of requirement for an individual results in a series of physiological and behavioural responses, which are considered as an adaptation to the low energy intake. This ability of the human body to adapt to a lowering of the energy intake is without doubt bene®cial to the survival of the individual. However, what is more controversial is the view held by some that the body can metabolically adapt in a bene®cial manner to a lowered intake and consequently that the requirements for energy are variable given the same body size and composition and physical activity levels. Much of this confusion is the result of considerable evidence from studies conducted in well-nourished adults who, for experimental or other reasons, have lowered their intakes and consequently demonstrated an apparently enhanced metabolic ef®ciency resulting from changes in metabolic rates which are disproportionate to the changes in body weight. Similar increases in metabolic ef®ciency are not readily seen in individuals who on long-term marginal intakes, probably from childhood, have developed into short-statured, low-body-weight adults with a different body composition. It would thus appear that the generally used indicator of metabolic ef®ciency in humans, that is a reduced oxygen consumption per unit fat free mass, is fraught with problems since it does not account for variations in contributions from sub-compartments of the fat free mass which include those with high metabolism at rest such as brain and viscera and those with low metabolism at rest such as muscle mass. Metabolic rate per unit fat free mass thus, does not re¯ect true variations in metabolic ef®ciency and is due largely to variations in body composition. This ®nding combined with the evidence that behavioural adaptation in habitual physical activity patterns which occurs on energy restriction is not necessarily bene®cial to the individual raises doubts about the role of adaptation to low intakes in determining one's requirement for energy. The evidence is overwhelming that both in children and adults, changes in body size and composition as well as in levels of habitual physical activity may be the most important consequences of a lowered energy intake and cannot be assumed to be a part of a bene®cial adaptation that in¯uences energy requirements.

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“…They suggested that the number of muscle fibers is set before birth, with little hyperplasia during postnatal life, and also that infants that are small for gestational age show a greater deficit in lean mass. Cheek et al 30 showed that the reduction in muscle mass in weight loss is mainly due to a reduction in cell size and cell mass rather than a reduction in the number of muscle cells. This suggests that in AN the programming of FFM is not affected by weight loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can birth weight predict later body composition in anorexia nervosa?

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:The relationship between birth weight and body composition at later stages in life was not studied previously in anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of the following brief report is to present results concerning the relationship between birth weight and later body composition specifically in AN, and to check if the programming of body composition from birth weight is still detected in severely emaciated AN patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS: One hundred and fifty-one female AN patients aged between 13 and 44 were recruited from 11 inpatient treatment facilities in France. Birth weight, body weight and height were obtained. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance. Birth weight was significantly correlated to lifetime maximum body mass index (BMI; r ¼ 0.211, P ¼ 0.009) and significantly correlated to fat-free mass index (r ¼ 0.190, P ¼ 0.027) but not to fat mass index (FMI). RESULTS: This report confirms that even in AN when patients are severely emaciated and where fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are low, a link between birth weight and FFM and BMI can still be identified, independently from age. CONCLUSION: Further studies are needed on larger samples exploring other factors, such as gender, puberty and ethnicity.

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Malnutrition in Infancy: Changes in Muscle and Adipose Tissue Before and After Rehabilitation

Cited by 82 publications

References 27 publications

Quantitative Analysis of Nuclear Population in Muscle from Malnourished and Recovered Children

Quantitative Analysis of Nuclear Population in Muscle from Malnourished and Recovered Children

Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults

Can birth weight predict later body composition in anorexia nervosa?

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