Malnutrittion among Dutch children? Results of the Dutch national food consumption survey 2012–2016

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec id="S0029665120003067_sec_a1" sec-type="intro"><jats:title>Introduction:</jats:title><jats:p>An adequate and balanced intake of energy and nutrients is important for growth of children and prevention of diseases. The aim of this study was to get insight in the prevalence of low and high intakes of micronutrients and its association with overweight among Dutch children. This insight can contribute to the development of policy on healthy diet and specific nutritional information.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0029665120003067_sec_a2" sec-type="materials"><jats:title>Materials and methods:</jats:title><jats:p>Food and supplement consumption data of children 1–18 years (n = 2.235) were collected in 2012–2016 with two independent 24-hr recalls. Body Mass Index (BMI) was based on measured body height and weight for 1–15 year-olds, and self-reported values for 16–18 year–olds. Using the Dutch food and supplement composition tables, the habitual nutrient and energy intake distribution were estimated and evaluated with the dietary reference values of the Dutch Health Council. Analyses were performed for the total group as well as for classes of BMI.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0029665120003067_sec_a3" sec-type="results"><jats:title>Results:</jats:title><jats:p>The intake of most micronutrients was sufficient for the children until the age of 13. No statement on this can be made for the intake of iron and vitamin D (girls). For the Dutch teenagers, low intakes of vitamin A (43%), iron (10% of the boys and 77% of the girls) and vitamin C (18%) were observed. For many other nutrients (calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, D, K1 and folate) the risk of low intakes among (subgroups of) teenagers were evaluated as ‘unknown’, as the median intakes were lower than the adequate intakes. In all age groups, the intakes of copper and vitamins B3 and B12 were sufficient.</jats:p><jats:p>At the same time, the majority of the children (72% of the boys and 50% of the girls) had a high intake of sodium and a small number of children had high intakes of zinc (7%), copper (3%) or vitamin A (4% of the boys).</jats:p><jats:p>17% of the children had overweight or obesity and for 9% the weight was evaluated as underweight. The prevalence of low intakes of vitamins A, D and iron was associated with BMI.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0029665120003067_sec_a4" sec-type="discussion"><jats:title>Discussion:</jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests that the food consumption of Dutch children can be improved with a more balanced intake of energy and nutrients to prevent obesity and low and high intakes. However, not for all nutrients the health impact is clear. So, more research on the nutrient requirements among children and the related health impact is necessary.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Higher Dietary Magnesium Intake and Higher Magnesium Status Are Associated with Lower Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

“…The mean dietary Mg intake we report (305 ± 46 mg/day) was somewhat lower than the median Mg intake in the general Dutch population, which is around 350 mg/day [ 22 ], but was comparable to median Mg intake of population studies in the U.S. (308 mg/day) [ 4 ]. We found that in the Dutch population, cereals, dairy, and coffee intake were the largest contributors to total Mg intake, at 22%, 14%, and 9% respectively.…”

The Possibility of Applying the Vitamin D Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire as a Tool for a Country with No Vitamin D Data in Food Composition Tables

“…At the same time, the median of dietary intake was also very low, as it was 1.9 µg (0.2–8.0 µg) for 3-day dietary record, 3.3 µg (1.1–10.6 µg) for Cro-VIDEO-FFQ1 and 3.6 µg (1.4–7.8 µg) for Cro-VIDEO-FFQ2. The observed intake level may be compared with the level reported by EFSA for other countries [ 3 ] and it may be stated, that the level observed for young women in Croatia is comparable with the level stated for young women in Germany (2.0–2.6 µg) [ 50 ], Austria (2.1–3.3 µg) [ 51 ], Ireland (2.4 µg) [ 52 ], Netherlands (2.6 µg) [ 53 ] and Denmark (2.6–2.8 µg) [ 54 ].…”

Detection of titanium particles in human liver and spleen and possible health implications

“…The number of spikes in the time scan is directly proportional to the number of particles in the sample. The signal height of the peaks is directly proportional to the particle’s mass from which the equivalent spherical particle size is calculated [ 22 , 23 ]. c The calculated number-based particle size distribution (left axis and dark colours) and the calculated mass-based particle size distribution (right axis and light colours).…”

“…While there is no information about their diets, it is known that all persons involved are of Caucasian ethnicity except one who was of Asian ethnicity. All have lived in the Netherlands their entire life and it is therefore assumed that most followed a Dutch diet [ 22 ]. Of the 15 persons involved, 2 received titanium implants during their lifetime.…”