ABSTRACT. Variation in body size, behavior, feeding habits and habitat use patterns in medium-and large-sized mammals infl uence the adequacy of sampling methods to register presence and abundance. Moreover, even if methods are similarly adequate, diff erent methodologies result in distinct costeffi ciency relationships (i.e. some may have reduced costs, be less time-consuming and/or require less-skilled technicians). Focusing on three diff erent sampling methods commonly used to monitor medium and large mammals in seasonal tropical forests, we compared the species richness detected by each method and quantifi ed their cost-effi ciencies: (1) camera traps; (2) line transects for direct observations of animals; and (3) line transects seeking tracks/ footprints. We simultaneously monitored medium and large mammals along fi ve trails between July and August 2009 and January and February 2010, in the Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, São Paulo, Brazil. Data from two distinct seasons demonstrated that signifi cantly higher species richness was achieved by using signs of presence and direct observations detected in transects. Camera traps recorded the fewest species, but represented the lowest cost per species. Direct observations and searches for tracks/footprints required a greater number of fi eld technicians (with more skill and experience) to record the focal species and therefore have a higher cost, but allowed twice as many species to be recorded compared to camera traps. The choice of sampling methodology depends on the study objective, mammal species targeted and/or amount of resources available. We advocate use of camera traps for long-term studies and in conjunction with the other two methods to improve identifi cation accuracy, allow individual identifi cation and permit more accurate abundance estimates.KEYWORDS. Camera trap, direct observations, mammals, abundance estimates, animal tracks.
RESUMO. Inventário de mamíferos em Floresta Neotropical Sazonal: abordagens tradicionais ainda compensam as desvantagens de tecnologias modernas.A variação no tamanho do corpo, comportamento, hábitos alimentares e padrões de uso de habitat em mamíferos de médio e grande porte infl uenciam a adequação de métodos de amostragem para o registro da presença e abundância. Além disso, mesmo se os métodos são igualmente adequados, diferentes metodologias resultam em distintas relações de custo-efi ciência (ou seja, alguns métodos podem ter custos reduzidos, ser menos demorados e/ou exigir técnicos menos qualifi cados). Concentrando-se em três diferentes métodos comumente usados para monitorar mamíferos de médio e grande porte em fl orestas tropicais sazonais, comparamos a riqueza de espécies detectada por cada método e quantifi camos seu custo-efi ciência: (1) armadilhas fotográfi cas; (2) observações diretas de animais em transectos; e (3) busca por rastros/pegadas em transectos. Nós monitoramos simultaneamente grandes e médios mamíferos ao longo de cinco trilhas entre julho e agosto de 2009 e janeiro e fevereiro de 2010, na ...