Management of Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Disorders with Polymer-Based Nanoparticles as a Biocompatible Platform

Abstract

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a protective barrier for the central nervous system (CNS) against drugs that enter the bloodstream. The BBB is a key clinical barrier in the treatment of CNS illnesses because it restricts drug entry into the brain. To bypass this barrier and release relevant drugs into the brain matrix, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been developed. Given the unstable nature of NPs, an appropriate amount of a biocompatible polymer coating on NPs is thought to have a key role in reducing cellular cytotoxicity while also boosting stability. Human serum albumin (HSA), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), Polylactide (PLA), poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA), gelatin, and chitosan are only a few of the significant polymers mentioned. In this review article, we categorized polymer-coated nanoparticles from basic to complex drug delivery systems and discussed their application as novel drug carriers to the brain.

Recent Advancements in the Formulation of Nanomaterials-Based Nanozymes, Their Catalytic Activity, and Biomedical Applications

“…For example, a microemulsion method was used to create Mn 3 O 4 NPs with catalase and superoxide dismutase-like activities for therapeutic applications in Parkinson's disease. 95 The hexagonal plate-, polyhedron-, and flake-like modified Mn 3 O 4 possessed higher enzymatic activities as compared to nanocubes because of their significantly enlarged pore size and surface area, which can easily acclimatize the substrates for catalytic reactions. 96 Therefore, the morphology is an essential factor for determining the catalytic selectivity of the nanozymes.…”

“…The enzymatic activity of the NPs is highly influenced by the surface dimension, energy, and plane of the nanocrystals, which are dependent on their morphological aspects. For example, a microemulsion method was used to create Mn 3 O 4 NPs with catalase and superoxide dismutase-like activities for therapeutic applications in Parkinson’s disease . The hexagonal plate-, polyhedron-, and flake-like modified Mn 3 O 4 possessed higher enzymatic activities as compared to nanocubes because of their significantly enlarged pore size and surface area, which can easily acclimatize the substrates for catalytic reactions .…”

Polymer–Drug Conjugates Codeliver a Temozolomide Intermediate and Nitric Oxide for Enhanced Chemotherapy against Glioblastoma Multiforme

“…Polymer-based drug delivery systems have attracted massive attention in cancer chemotherapy, owing to the tunable backbones and flexible functionalization of side chains achieving their superior biocompatibility, water dispersibility, targeting capability, biodegradability, etc. − Polymer–drug conjugates (PDCs), covalently tethering prodrugs to a polymer instead of encapsulation or adsorption, protect prodrugs from leakage and invalidation in circulation, escort them for cellular uptake and release drugs in the target sites. , Moreover, the structures of prodrugs could be diverse in the forms of organic molecules, inorganic clusters, or metal–organic complexes. − Prodrugs can be precisely installed as a part of the monomer before polymerization or the side chain after polymerization by stimulus cleavable bonds . Environmentally sensitive polymeric prodrugs responsive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), light, ultrasonic, etc., have been widely used for controlled prodrug release. − To make the most use of PDC capacity, it is feasible to further improve tumor treatment performance with two or more types of responsive prodrugs together for combination medications.…”

Chitosan–sEPDM and Melatonin–Chitosan–sEPDM Composite Membranes for Melatonin Transport and Release

“…The representative ways of delivery, controlled release of the various chemical species of interest, many of which have been studied for melatonin as well, are suggested in Figure 1 [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…Composite membranes are effective means both for the transport and the delivery or controlled released of melatonin [ 38 ], which justifies the expansion research in the field [ 39 ].…”