“…Depriving the female system of ovarian-derived hormones leads to cognitive changes in both humans and animal models (e.g., Phillips and Sherwin, 1992 ; Singh et al, 1994 ; Bimonte and Denenberg, 1999 ; Nappi et al, 1999 ; Heikkinen et al, 2004 ; Wallace et al, 2006 ; Rocca et al, 2007 ; Gibbs and Johnson, 2008 ; Parker et al, 2009 ; Ryan et al, 2014 ). Importantly, ovarian hormone loss also results in an increased susceptibility to anxiety and depression ( Parker et al, 2009 ; Bromberger and Kravitz, 2011 ; Bromberger et al, 2011 ; Maki et al, 2012 ; Weber et al, 2014 ; Parry, 2020 ; Soares, 2020 ; Stute et al, 2020 ). Under certain parameters or experimental conditions, estrogen supplementation following the surgical removal of the ovaries (ovariectomy; Ovx) reverses or attenuates detriments in cognition and affective behaviors in preclinical models ( Bimonte and Denenberg, 1999 ; Holmes et al, 2002 ; Foster et al, 2003 ; Hiroi and Neumaier, 2006 ; Hiroi et al, 2006 , 2016 ; Fernandez et al, 2008 ; Harburger et al, 2009 ; Rodgers et al, 2010 ; Gleason et al, 2015 ; Black et al, 2016 , 2018 ; Koebele et al, 2020b ).…”