Management of the Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) Menace in Ghana: The Past, Present and the Future

Ameyaw, G. A.

doi:10.5772/intechopen.87009

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…CSSVD is a major threat to cacao production in West African countries and, the expectation in Ghana is to progressively remove about 100,000 ha of infected CSSVD outbreaks across the cocoa regions by 2023 [ 32 ]. Efforts to re-establish most of the infected cacao farms with cacao varieties that are tolerant to the disease have increased currently in Ghana.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field evaluation of the impact of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease infection on yield traits of different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in Ghana

et al. 2022

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Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is a major disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana and other West African countries that grow the crop. Attempts to develop resistant varieties since the discovery of the disease in 1936 have yielded little success. Recently, planting materials that are tolerant to the disease have been recommended for planting in areas with high CSSVD prevalence. However, the effect of CSSVD on yield component traits of most cacao clones including the tolerant varieties has not been well studied. To investigate the impact of CSSVD on these traits, reduction in bean weight (BW), number of beans per pod (NoBP) and dry bean yield (DBY) between symptomless and symptomatic trees, and disease incidence (DI) among 210 different cacao clones were evaluated. The clones were transplanted in June 2010 following a randomised complete block design with four replications consisting of three trees per clone per block. Response of the clones to CSSVD incidence had 180 of the genotypes having < 50% symptoms. Clones of Contanama, Iquitos, Marañon, Nanay and unknown derived from Upper Amazon parentage had less DI at the end of the study. The CSSVD effect (symptomless vs. symptomatic) was significant (p < 0.05) for DBY and NoBP, and the symptomless trees surpassed on average their symptomatic trees by 21.17% for DBY. Some of the best-performing clones identified under natural CSSVD infection were; COCA 3348/52 and GU 219/V among the underrepresented clones, B 36, ICS 40, NA 33 x IMC 67, T30/628, T60/887, T63/971, T 81/1879 and T 82/503 among those that combine high DBY with low yield reduction, and NA 124, T17/358, T35/78, T57/305, T63/971 x SCA 6, T65/239, T76/1835 and T82/2294 among those that combine high DBY with no disease incidence. Their inclusion in breeding programs that seek to develop resistant CSSVD varieties or deployment as planting materials in endemic areas to improve yield production in Ghana is recommended on the basis of the present observations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clones that could not be allocated to any of the genetic groups including hybrids were classified as unknown. Five seed garden clones (T60/887, T63/971, T17/358, T85/799 and T79/501) that are tolerant to CSSVD and high yielding [ 32 ] were included.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field evaluation of the impact of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease infection on yield traits of different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in Ghana

et al. 2022

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“…Indeed, during the period 1946-1997, the Ghanaian eradication campaign against CSSD had cut down 193 million trees [18,20]. By 2020, CSSD has still not been contained effectively, despite this eradication program having being underway for >70 years and constituting the most costly such virus eradication program ever anywhere in the world [85,86]. CSSD's symptoms in infected cacao trees include swelling of the trunk (Figure 2E) and at shoot nodes, internodes ( Figure 2F) or tips and on roots, leaf chlorosis and vein banding, and tree dieback [85,86].…”

Section: Cacao Swollen Shoot Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 2020, CSSD has still not been contained effectively, despite this eradication program having being underway for >70 years and constituting the most costly such virus eradication program ever anywhere in the world [85,86]. CSSD's symptoms in infected cacao trees include swelling of the trunk (Figure 2E) and at shoot nodes, internodes ( Figure 2F) or tips and on roots, leaf chlorosis and vein banding, and tree dieback [85,86]. CSSD reduces cacao bean yields by 25% in the initial infection year, 50% in the second year and normally within 3-4 years then proceeds to kill cacao trees [135].…”

Section: Cacao Swollen Shoot Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Jones

2020

Viruses

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Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.

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“…Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is a devastating pathogen of significant economic importance to the production of cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.), especially in West Africa. West African countries account for over 75% of annual global cacao production (Ameyaw, 2019 ). T. cacao L. is an important tree whose seeds are primarily used for the production of confectionaries such as chocolate (Ploetz, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cacao swollen shoot virus detection and DNA barcoding of its vectors and putative vectors in Theobroma cacao L. by using polymerase chain reaction

Obok¹,

Aikpokpodion²,

Ani³

et al. 2021

bta

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Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is an endemic pathogen causing significant economic losses to cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production in West Africa. There is limited updated report on the occurrence, spread, genetic diversity and species of CSSV and its mealybug vectors, especially in Nigeria. Nigeria is presently lagging behind in the search for resistance to CSSV and its vectors in T. cacao L. The present study aimed to map and screen for the presence of CSSV and its natural vectors -female mealybugs (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) in cacao plantations in Nigeria. Symptomatic and asymptomatic cacao leaves and whole female mealybug samples were collected from major cacao-growing areas in Nigeria -Abia, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Edo, Ondo and Oyo States. A total of 2568 cacao leaves from 1052 cacao trees were screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using an open reading frame 1 (ORF 1) CSSV-specific primer pair. PCR screening of the mealybug species was performed using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histology for morphological identification and DNA barcoding enabled to characterise the female mealybug species. The results revealed that CSSV and its mealybug vectors are present in the major cacaogrowing areas in Nigeria. Although CSSV and its vectors have been previously reported in Cross River, Ondo and Oyo States, our results present the first documented evidence of CSSV emergence and its mealybug vectors in Abia, Akwa Ibom and Edo States. We also present the first report of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel and Miller) mealybug species on cacao in Nigeria. In conclusion, it is pertinent to re-establish coordinated routine survey and monitoring of CSSV and its mealybug vector presence in T. cacao L. in Nigeria.

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Management of the Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) Menace in Ghana: The Past, Present and the Future

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

Field evaluation of the impact of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease infection on yield traits of different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in Ghana

Field evaluation of the impact of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease infection on yield traits of different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in Ghana

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Cacao swollen shoot virus detection and DNA barcoding of its vectors and putative vectors in Theobroma cacao L. by using polymerase chain reaction

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