“…[see for example Witte, Sumka and Erekson (1979), Linneman (1980), Malpezzi, Chun and Green (1998), Crone, Nakamura and Voith (2004), Stevenson (2004), Gouriéroux, C. and A. Laferrère (2006) and Hill and Melser (2008)]. Our model implies that the concept of a shadow price may not be particularly meaningful in this context since the impact on price of an improvement in a characteristic may be highly sensitive to the initial position of a house in the ordinal ranking, and the shape of the income distribution.…”