Managing Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertility of Hard Spring Wheats for Optimum Bread and Noodle Quality

Abstract

Although some quality characteristics for the two categories of wheat products are similar, the relative effects End-uses of hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are increasingly of genotype and crop management variables on the two diverse. However, limited understanding of crop management system interactions with genotype exists to tailor production systems for both product categories need better definition. bread and Asian noodle production. Therefore, we evaluated the bread Both protein quantity and quality are required for opquality and alkaline noodle color of four hard spring wheat genotypes timum bread performance. Nitrogen fertilization strongly differing in end-use quality at four nitrogen fertilizer levels and three influences the quantity of protein in wheat flour (Dubetz irrigation levels. The trials were grown for 2 yr at Aberdeen, ID, using Gauer et al., 1992). Studies have demonthe hard red cultivar 'Westbred 936', the hard white cultivars 'Idaho strated the importance of N application timing for opti-377s' and 'Lolo', and the hard white breeding line 'IDO523'. The main mal wheat yield, increased grain protein concentration, effects of genotype, nitrogen fertilizer, and irrigation affected grain proand reductions in N loss from the soil-plant system (Fowtein concentration, which led to significant differences among treat- ler et al., 1989;Hucklesby et al., 1971;Altman et al., 1983; ments for mixograph characteristics and loaf volume. Genotypes dif- Miezan et al., 1977). Nitrogen applications later in the fered significantly in their optimum nitrogen levels for grain yield, yet grain protein concentration of all four genotypes increased linearly season, near anthesis, when coupled with irrigation, inwith increasing nitrogen fertilizer application. Reducing the amount creased grain protein concentration more than earlier of irrigation elevated grain protein concentration; however, it also reapplications (Wuest and Cassman, 1992;Strong, 1982). duced milling yield. By contrast, increasing nitrogen fertility did not Bread loaf volume is positively and directly correlated affect milling yield. Reducing the amount of irrigation also increased with flour protein concentration (Bushuk, 1985; Finney grain polyphenyl oxidase (PPO) activity, generally undesirable forand Barmore, 1948). Therefore, protein quantity and Asian noodles. In this study, it was preferable to increase grain protein quality have received considerable attention in wheat concentration by increasing fertilization rather than by reducing irriimprovement programs. However, simultaneously ingation. Nitrogen fertilizer did not affect alkaline noodle brightness, excreasing both grain yield and grain protein content has cept at the lowest irrigation level where increasing nitrogen fertilizer been difficult because of the widely documented negadecreased initial brightness. Increased nitrogen fertilizer increased both peak flour pasting viscosity and final flour pasting viscosity. The

Late‐Season Nitrogen Increases Improver Common and Durum Wheat Quality

“…The late-season N application has provided clear benefits to the rheological parameters of common improver wheat, thus confirming previous results (Ayoub et al, 1994;Guttieri et al, 2005;Wuest and Cassman, 1992). According to Borghi et al (1995) and López-Bellido et al (2001), as N fertilizer rates increase, a rise in GPC and a corresponding improvement in W and the P/L ratio can be observed.…”

Influence of irrigation on wheat crop

“…This low alphaamylase activity may be attributed to lesser presence of enzyme and/or to changes occurring in starch during periods of low precipitation during grain development (EVERY et al, 2002;JOHANSSON, 2002). The protein concentration in wheat grain depends on genetic and environmental factors (JOHANSSON, 2002;GUTTIERI et al, 2005). In this study, the protein concentration was influenced by the availability of water during the cultivation cycle (Table 4).…”

“…It was observed higher values of protein in the Non-irrigated Treatment (18.38%) compared to the Irrigated Treatment (15.87%). GUTTIERI et al (2005) also observed a lower concentration of proteins in irrigated wheat compared with those grown in conditions of low water availability.…”

“…The value of W was higher for wheat of Non-irrigated Treatment probably by the largest amount of protein, as it is known, both the quality and the amount of protein in the grain has effects on its technological quality (GUTTIERI et al, 2005;COSTA et al, 2008). Despite the reduction of proteins and consequently the W in the Irrigated Treatment, this decrease was not enough to change the classification of IPR 118 cultivar, which by the standards of classification in force (BRAZIL, 2010) is considered bread wheat, with values of W exceeding 220.…”

Effect of Characteristics of Grain and Flour on Color of Noodle Dough Sheet and Simple Test for Fe Content in Korean Wheat Cultivar

“…종실의 PPO 활성 측정을 위하여 AACCI Approved Methods 22-85.01(AACCI, 2010)에 따라 L-DOPA assay 방법을 이용하였다. 종자 5립을 1.5 ml tube에 5 mM L-DOPA와 50 mM MOPS [3-(N-morrpholino) Habernicht et al, 2002;Souza et al, 2004;Guttieri et al, 2005;Park et al, 2012;Shin et al, 2012). 국수 색깔에 관련된 PPO 활성 및 철 함량 또한 품종 특성 및 환경적 영향을 받는다 (Crosbie and Lambe, 1993;Baik et al, 1994;Gaines et al, 1996;Park et al, 1997;Monasterio and Graham, 2000;Ranum et al, 2006).…”