Managing planted forests for multiple uses under a changing environment in China

Liu, Shirong; Wu, Shuang; Wang, Hui

doi:10.1186/1179-5395-44-s1-s3

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…China has played an important role in global plantation, accounting for around 23% of the total planted forest area in the world (FAO, 2010). Plantations are widely distributed in southern regions of China where the climatic condition showing as warm and wet under the Asian monsoon climate, while it occupied 63% of the total area and 62% of the total stocking volume of those in the whole China (Liu et al, 2014a). However, the predominance of very few tree species in the plantations, uneven spatial distribution and low volumes in growing stock have generated several major challenges regarding plantations in China (Liu et al, , 2014a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the responses of forest distribution and aboveground biomass to climate change underRCPscenarios in southern China

Dai

et al. 2016

Global Change Biology

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In the past three decades, our global climate has been experiencing unprecedented warming. This warming has and will continue to significantly influence the structure and function of forest ecosystems. While studies have been conducted to explore the possible responses of forest landscapes to future climate change, the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) scenarios under the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) have not been widely used in quantitative modeling research of forest landscapes. We used LANDIS-II, a forest dynamic landscape model, coupled with a forest ecosystem process model (PnET-II), to simulate spatial interactions and ecological succession processes under RCP scenarios, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. We also modeled a control scenario of extrapolating current climate conditions to examine changes in distribution and aboveground biomass (AGB) among five different forest types for the period of 2010-2100 in Taihe County in southern China, where subtropical coniferous plantations dominate. The results of the simulation show that climate change will significantly influence forest distribution and AGB. (i) Evergreen broad-leaved forests will expand into Chinese fir and Chinese weeping cypress forests. The area percentages of evergreen broad-leaved forests under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 and the control scenarios account for 18.25%, 18.71%, 18.85% and 17.46% of total forest area, respectively. (ii) The total AGB under RCP4.5 will reach its highest level by the year 2100. Compared with the control scenarios, the total AGB under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 increases by 24.1%, 64.2% and 29.8%, respectively. (iii) The forest total AGB increases rapidly at first and then decreases slowly on the temporal dimension. (iv) Even though the fluctuation patterns of total AGB will remain consistent under various future climatic scenarios, there will be certain responsive differences among various forest types.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the responses of forest distribution and aboveground biomass to climate change underRCPscenarios in southern China

Dai

et al. 2016

Global Change Biology

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“…However, over the last 20 years, the country's forestry sector significantly evolved due to policy reforms and management improvements in order to ensure a sustainable development. Logging bans in natural forests and enormous afforestation and reforestation efforts have increased China's forest cover to 208 million ha, which represents nearly 22% of its geographical area compared to just 10% at the end of the 1970s, as proven by the latest national forest inventory [2]. The intensification of these activities are mainly defined by the conservation orientated Six Key Forestry Programs (SKFPs), as launched in 2000 [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Mechanization Efforts of Small Diameter Eucalyptus Harvesting Operations with a Low Capacity Running Skyline Yarder in Southern China

Hoffmann

Jaeger

Schoenherr

et al. 2015

Forests

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This case study examines the performance of the Igland Hauler employed in small diameter Eucalyptus clear-cut operations in Guangxi, China. A yarding crew of eight persons was monitored by a snap back elemental time study for 19.23 SMH (scheduled machine hours), with 159 yarding cycles and a yarded log volume at landing of 49.4 m³ solid over bark. A gross-productivity of 2.50 m³ /SMH and net-productivity of 5.06 m³ /PMH0 (productive machine hours excluding delay times) was achieved, leading to a machine utilization rate of 49.5%. The costs of the yarder and associated overhead as well as the personnel costs of a large crew with eight people sum up to extraction costs of 50.24 USD/m³ . The high costs make it difficult to compete economically with the locally common manual extraction system as long as abundant labor at a low hourly rate is available in the region. Further performance improvement through skill development, but also technical and organizational system modification in conjunction with rising wages and decreasing labor force in rural primary production will determine the justification of employing such yarding systems. However, new silvicultural regimes with extended rotations and supply OPEN ACCESSForests 2015, 6 2960 requirements of the forest products industry in China demand new operational systems.

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“…With respect to the extracted log dimensions and associated log volumes of in average 0.16 m 3 , the crew was able to overcome the physical limitations of conventional manual wood extraction systems which are limited to log volumes of approximately 0.04 m 3 (see [6]). The crew also demonstrated the yarding system's technical feasibility for implementing new silvicultural objectives (e.g., [3]) by thinning operations without major damages to the remaining stand.…”

Section: Performance and Skill Developmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After years of intensive forest exploitation and resource depletion, China has implemented various national forest policy reform programs in order to conserve its remaining natural forests and to promote raw material supply from extensively established plantation forests, an example of which are the national level's Six Key Forestry Programs (SKFP) [2,3]. In addition, multiple use forestry was propagated to preserve biodiversity and enhance forest ecosystem services [3]. Though China was able to consistently increase its plantation area over Subject to administrative constraints related to the Chinese logging permit issuing process (see [12]), the test sites were selected as to be comparable in terms of stand conditions, management objectives and an uphill yarding direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing the Efficiency of a Start-Up Cable Yarding Crew in Southern China under New Forest Management Perspectives

Hoffmann

Jaeger

Lingenfelder

et al. 2016

Forests

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This case study analyzed the performance of a start-up cable yarding crew in southern China through operational monitoring by consecutive time studies, long-term log book recordings and efficiency evaluation by stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). The crew, which used a KOLLER K303 H mobile tower yarder, was monitored for two years. During this period, detailed data recordings of 687 yarding cycles of 12 yarding corridors as well as log book recordings of an additional 1122 scheduled system hours (SSH, including all delays) were generated. Mean extraction productivity of the system ranged between 5.23 and 6.40 m 3 per productive system hour (PSH 0 , excluding all delays), mostly depending on slope yarding distance and lateral distance. Corresponding gross-productivity ranged from 1.91 to 2.24 m 3 /SSH, with an overall mean machine utilization rate of 31%. Unproductive yarding times and delays associated with the relative low utilization rate were mainly caused by lengthy rigging processes, as well as organizational deficiencies and not yet fully developed skill sets of the operating crew. The latter was reflected in a mean efficiency effect frontier value of 0.62 based on evaluation of data sets of individual yarding cycles recorded during detailed assessments, suggesting a mean improvement potential of 38% based on the SFA, translating in a potentially achievable gross-productivity of 2.64 to 3.09 m 3 /SSH. We conclude that current local operating conditions including insufficient planning, implementation and logistics and in particular, frequent discontinuations of system operations of up to three months all resulting in generally low operation hours per shift and per year, inhibit efficient operations and rapid skill development. These circumstances also inhibit an economic utilization of the equipment. Nevertheless, from a technical perspective, yarding systems have a promising potential in southern China.

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Managing planted forests for multiple uses under a changing environment in China

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Predicting the responses of forest distribution and aboveground biomass to climate change underRCPscenarios in southern China

Predicting the responses of forest distribution and aboveground biomass to climate change underRCPscenarios in southern China

Challenges in Mechanization Efforts of Small Diameter Eucalyptus Harvesting Operations with a Low Capacity Running Skyline Yarder in Southern China

Analyzing the Efficiency of a Start-Up Cable Yarding Crew in Southern China under New Forest Management Perspectives

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