“…In VL, especially in an asynchronous mode, students can learn at their pace, place, and time (Kerimbayev, 2016;Mupinga, 2005), which can contribute significantly to learning performance (Murugaiah & Yen, 2019). Additionally, online learning has some Learners' Expectations towards Virtual Learning and its … International Journal of Instruction, January 2024 • Vol.17, No.1 shortcomings related to learners or instructors (Kebritchi et al, 2017;Murugaiah & Yen, 2019;Nortvig et al, 2018) however the disparity between online learning and the expectation of students may affect their learning performance (Newlands & Coldwell, 2005). Several factors may affect to students perform in online classes such as parental education, students' geographical locations of schools and their homes (Westbrook, 2014) whereas the lack of infrastructure and resources, diverse teaching strategies (Mupinga et al, 2006), and negligence of concerned stakeholders (Blömer et al, 2020;Uygur et al, 2020) have created barriers to virtual learning.…”