Manganese

Interaction of Ampicillin and Amoxicillin with Mn2+: A Speciation Study in Aqueous Solution

“…Photosynthesis, proteoglycan biosynthesis and antioxidative actions are the main biochemical functions [ 1 ]. Mn 2+ is the most stable thermodynamically oxidation state in both acidic and basic solutions [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

“…In biological systems, Mn(II) concentration is about 0.1 μmol L −1 inside and outside cells [ 6 ]. High manganese concentrations have been detected in the pancreas, liver, kidney and intestines, where the manganese content was found in the range 2.5–5.3 and 4.9–6.0 μg kg −1 , in kidney and liver respectively [ 1 ]. In blood, manganese is bound to plasma proteins, its concentration in the whole blood is about 11 μg L −1 and in the serum 0.6–1.3 μg L −1 .…”

“…In the urine the mean concentration of 9.32 μg L −1 was found [ 7 ]. For humans the main sources of manganese are foods and beverages and its absorption occurs mainly through respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts [ 1 ]. In humans, animals and plants, manganese is an activator as well as a constituent of various enzymes [ 5 ].…”

“…Thereby, it acts as both an essential nutrient and toxic element. Under normal conditions, the body protects itself through the homeostatic mechanism, acting on absorption and excretion [ 1 ]. In humans, symptoms of both manganese deficiency and oral parenteral poisoning are rare [ 9 ].…”

“…Its concentration in the open oceans, mainly as Mn 2+ , range between 0.01 and 0.16 μg kg −1 . More in detail, manganese concentration is in the range 1–500 μg L −1 in surface waters, 5–25 μg L −1 in drinking water [ 1 ]. The simple [Mn(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ ion is commonly found in freshwaters and in seawaters [ 4 ].…”