Manganese-Doped Carbon Dots with Redshifted Orange Emission for Enhanced Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Sun, Sijia; Zhao, Lining; Wu, Di; Lian, Haichen; Zhao, Xiaolong; Wu, Aiguo; Zeng, Leyong

doi:10.1021/acsabm.0c01597

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Doping with metal atoms, such as Zn, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ga, and Gd, in the carbon network may result in the perturbation of the crystal lattice of CDs alongside with appearance of additional energy levels (Figure 3a), which would alter both steady-state and time-resolved optical properties. [54] As an example, doping with Mn shifted the PL band of CDs to green, [92] orange, [93] red, [94] and even NIR [59] spectral region. Doping with lanthanides on the other hand may result in the appearance of their characteristic narrow PL lines, such as PL [38] Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.…”

Section: Steady-state Photoluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Ushakova

Rogach

et al. 2021

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range (NIR-I region: 700-900 nm; NIR-II region: 1000-1700 nm). [15][16][17][18][19][20] Deep tissue penetration can be realized in this spectral range owing to the low degree level of photon absorption, scattering, and autofluorescence from tissues. [21,22] Therefore, imaging and therapeutic agents which operate in the DR to NIR region are highly desired. For CDs, strong PL in the blue and green region has been reported on numerous occasions, with PL quantum yields (QY) up to 90%, [23,24] while CDs with efficient longer wavelength emission have experienced extensive development only recently. Starting from the first report on the orange emissive CDs (PL peak at 580 nm) with a PL QY of 46%, [25] red emissive CDs with PL peak at 628 nm and PL QY of 53%, [26] and NIR emissive CDs with PL peak at 715 nm and PL QY of 43% [27] were introduced. A number of strategies, such as enlarging the π-conjugated structure, enhancing the surface oxidation, and employing proper precursors such as phenylenediamines were proved as effective for realization of such CDs. This review starts from summary of synthetic strategies toward CDs with absorption/PL at the wavelength from 650 nm and into the NIR-I and NIR-II spectral region. We then consider in detail the Stokes and anti-Stokes PL (ASPL), chemiluminescence (CL) and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the DR/NIR CDs. At the end, we provide a concise summary of already reported biomedical applications of CDs, such as in the photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and their use as bioimaging agents and drug carriers.Carbon dots (CDs) represent a recently emerged class of luminescent materials with a great potential for biomedical theranostics, and there are a lot of efforts to shift their absorption and emission toward deep-red (DR) to near-infrared (NIR) region falling in the biological transparency window. This review offers comprehensive insights into the synthesis strategies aimed to achieve this goal, and the current approaches of modulating the optical properties of CDs over the DR to NIR region. The underlying mechanisms of their absorption, photoluminescence, and chemiluminescence, as well as the related photophysical processes of photothermal conversion and formation of reactive oxygen species are considered. The already available biomedical applications of CDs, such as in the photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and their use as bioimaging agents and drug carriers are then shortly summarized.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202102325. Figure 12. a) In vivo NIR fluorescence images of a mouse stomach before (left) and after (right) gavage injection of CDs in PVP aqueous solution.Reproduced with permission. [46] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. b) NIR fluorescence images of mouse tumor after intravenous injection of CDs at various time points. c) NIR fluorescence of H22 tumors that were dissected from mice at ...

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Section: Steady-state Photoluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Ushakova

Rogach

et al. 2021

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121

101

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“…Several bottom-up approaches have been extensively adopted for the creation of metal-doped CDs because of their low cost and better efficiency. CDs have been synthesized by solvothermal reactions of carbon-based materials and metallic salts to contain ions of silver [ 64 ], manganese [ 65 ], copper [ 49 ], magnesium [ 66 , 67 ], cobalt [ 68 ], zinc [ 69 ], gadolinium [ 28 , 70 ] and chromium [ 71 ]. As an example, aqueous GQDs (graphene quantum dots, which is the same as CDs) (0.1 mg/mL) were prepared by using an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry instrument [ 66 ].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Hybrid and Doped Cdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Doped/Hybrid Carbon Dots and Their Biomedical Application

2022

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Carbon dots (CDs) are a novel type of carbon-based nanomaterial that has gained considerable attention for their unique optical properties, including tunable fluorescence, stability against photobleaching and photoblinking, and strong fluorescence, which is attributed to a large number of organic functional groups (amino groups, hydroxyl, ketonic, ester, and carboxyl groups, etc.). In addition, they also demonstrate high stability and electron mobility. This article reviews the topic of doped CDs with organic and inorganic atoms and molecules. Such doping leads to their functionalization to obtain desired physical and chemical properties for biomedical applications. We have mainly highlighted modification techniques, including doping, polymer capping, surface functionalization, nanocomposite and core-shell structures, which are aimed at their applications to the biomedical field, such as bioimaging, bio-sensor applications, neuron tissue engineering, drug delivery and cancer therapy. Finally, we discuss the key challenges to be addressed, the future directions of research, and the possibilities of a complete hybrid format of CD-based materials.

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“…266,267 Excitingly, studies showed that doping these ions on CDs could effectively reduce their leakage to a great extent, increase their longitudinal relaxation rate, and show a better magnetic resonance effect. 268–270 For instance, systems based on Gd–CD and Mn–CD composites have been developed and applied as MRI probes, respectively. 271,272 For the Gd–CDs as the MRI probe, it was observed that Gd–CDs were quickly excreted by the kidneys and accumulated in the bladder after 30 minutes of intravenous injection into the mice (Fig.…”

Section: Composites For Biomedical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, in Yan and co-workers’ study, glyoxylic acid-modified CDs (GA-CDs) were used as a FRET ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of Cu 2+ in aqueous solution. 388 Similarly, Chen et al also applied cyclam-functionalized CDs as a FRET nanoprobe for the detection of Cu 2+ and S. 2–389 In addition to the above examples, the detection of other important metal ions such as Ag + , Cu 2+ , Cr 6+ , and Pb 2+ has also been successfully realized with CD composite-based sensing platforms. 390–401…”

Section: Composites For Biomedical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%