“…Manganese(II), being an integral part of Mn(II)-POR, plays a major role in different biological processes, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of the human brain. − Enzymes requiring manganese as a cofactor are typically large and include different classes of enzymes including oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. , Typical examples are reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (though not lentiviruses such as HIV), arginases, − the diphtheria toxin, , and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). ,, A number of experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to investigate manganese containing biomolecules. − Theoretical methods provided insights into Mn-containing molecules, but their applications are limited by the lack of adequate force-field parameters required for the evaluation of physiochemical properties (e.g., via molecular dynamics simulations). In many cases, the problem of missing force-field parameters for manganese-containing systems is resolved by simply utilizing the parameters of a magnesium ion instead because both share a similar coordination pattern.…”