Mangosteen pericarp extract embedded in electrospun PVP nanofiber mats: physicochemical properties and release mechanism of α-mangostin

Abstract

Backgroundα-Mangostin is a major active compound of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp extract (MPE) that has potent antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, its poor aqueous solubility limits its therapeutic application. Purpose: This paper reports a promising approach to improve the clinical use of this substance through electrospinning technique.MethodsPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was explored as a hydrophilic matrix to carry α-mangostin in MPE. Physicochemical properties of MPE:PVP nanofibers with various extract-to-polymer ratios were studied, including morphology, size, crystallinity, chemical interaction, and thermal behavior. Antioxidant activity and the release of α-mangostin, as the chemical marker of MPE, from the resulting fibers were investigated.ResultsIt was obtained that the MPE:PVP nanofiber mats were flat, bead-free, and in a size range of 387–586 nm. Peak shifts in Fourier-transform infrared spectra of PVP in the presence of MPE suggested hydrogen bond formation between MPE and PVP. The differential scanning calorimetric study revealed a noticeable endothermic event at 119°C in MPE:PVP nanofibers, indicating vaporization of moisture residue. This confirmed hygroscopic property of PVP. The absence of crystalline peaks of MPE at 2θ of 5.99°, 11.62°, and 13.01° in the X-ray diffraction patterns of electrospun MPE:PVP nanofibers showed amorphization of MPE by PVP after being electrospun. The radical scavenging activity of MPE:PVP nanofibers exhibited lower IC50 value (55–67 µg/mL) in comparison with pure MPE (69 µg/mL). The PVP:MPE nanofibers tremendously increased the antioxidant activity of α-mangostin as well as its release rate. Applying high voltage in electrospinning process did not destroy the chemical structure of α-mangostin as indicated by retained in vitro antioxidant activity. The release rate of α-mangostin significantly increased from 35% to over 90% in 60 minutes. The release of α-mangostin from MPE:PVP nanofibers was dependent on α-mangostin concentration and particle size, as confirmed by the first-order kinetic model as well as the Hixson–Crowell kinetic model.ConclusionWe successfully synthesized MPE:PVP nanofiber mats with enhanced antioxidant activity and release rate, which can potentially improve the therapeutic effects offered by MPE.

<p>Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for α-Mangostin</p>

“…The nanomicelle uptake was mediated by endocytosis, a finding that indicated intracellular delivery of α-mangostin that could be associated with potential cytotoxicity (IC 50 of 8.9 ± 0.2 μg/mL). 82 Chitosan, PLGA Colloidal extraction solvent evaporation [75] PEG, PLA Emulsion/solvent evaporation techniques [76] PLGA Double emulsion solvent evaporation method [42] EC-MC Spray drying [77] Chitosan, alginate and genipin Ionotropic gelation method [78] β-cyclodextrin Inclusion complex technique [79] β-cyclodextrin-chitosan Inclusion complex [80] β-cyclodextrin Inclusion complex [81] Nanomicelles PVP Solvent evaporation method [82] MPEG and PLA Single-step self-assembly method [83] MPEG and PCL Self-assembly method [84] Liposome nanoparticles Transferrin Thin film hydration [85] Soya lecithin Phase separation coacervation method [86] Cholesterol, Tween 60 and ethanol Film hydration method [87] Solid lipid nanoparticles Lavender essential oil and cetyl palmitate Hot and high-pressure homogenisation techniques [88] PLGA and CD44 thioaptamer Nanoprecipitation combined with self-assembly [89] Nanofibres Thiolated chitosan Electrospinning [90] PVP Electrospinning [91] Metal nanoparticles Ag (silver) Chemical reaction by using silver nitrate (AgNO3) [92] Gold, PEI, cyclodextrin and tanshinone Chemical reaction using polyethyleneimine (PEI) [93] Emulsion nanoparticle Captex 200 P, Tween 80, carbopol 90 and silica Solid self-emulsification [94] Oleic acid, isopropyl myristate, Cremophor EL, Tween 80, carboxymethylcellulose sodium Self-microemulsion [31] In another study, α-mangostin nanomicelles with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (MPEG-PLA) were developed by a single-step self-assembly method for malignant glioma. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that the α-mangostin/MPEG-PLA nanoparticles inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis-with cleaved caspase expression, DNA fragmentation, downregulation of antiapoptotic molecules and up-regulation of apoptotic molecules.…”

Characterization and Evaluation of ?-Mangostin-loaded Film-forming Gels for Acne Treatment

“…3A and B. Generally, the high intensity and sharpness of the peak indicate a crystalline nature [15,16] . The AM showed intense peak at diffraction angle of 2-theta at 12 from the broad peak with low intensity at 16.81 and 29.68° (2-theta).…”

“…Therefore, the partial crystalline of AM was observed in AM-FFG2 film. In addition, the amorphous nature of AM in the film could be a result from the molecular interaction between AM and film-forming polymer via hydrogen bond which associated with reduced molecular mobility and consequently reduced drug recrystallization [15] .…”

“…AM incorporated in FFG1 showed an amorphous nature, while AM incorporated in FFG2 illustrated a partially crystalline nature. As a consequence, amorphous AM contained in FFG1 could be dissolved faster, and thus, rapidly permeated into the epidermis and receiver chamber than AM contained in FFG2 [15] .…”

Long-Term Effect against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus of Emodin Released from Coaxial Electrospinning Nanofiber Membranes with a Biphasic Profile

“…The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved PVP for a wide variety of applications and it is generally considered safe. Meanwhile, because of its well spinnable and mechanical properties, PVP can be used alone or combined with other polymers to fabricate electrospinning fibers containing drugs, such as mangostin-loaded PVP nanofibers [31] and naproxen-loaded PVP-ethyl cellulose nanofibers [32]. Cellulose acetate (CA, Figure 1C), an acetate ester derivative of cellulose, possesses advantageous properties in biodegradability, biocompatibility, insolubility in water, and nontoxicity [33], and is also widely used to fabricate drug-loaded electrospinning fibers, such as ibuprofen-loaded nanofibers [34], and nisin-loaded nanofibers [35].…”