Manufacturing mass intensity: 15 ​Years of Process Mass Intensity and development of the metric into plant cleaning and beyond

Interactions of multiple metrics and environmental indicators to assess processes, detect environmental hotspots, and guide future development

“…The first step to introduce a reliable, robust, and consistent assessment was the definition of rules for the application across the portfolio. Aspects like the scope, lack of information on upstream manufacturing routes or the inclusion of materials for equipment cleaning 19 or pre-treatment are covered. The aimed consistency intends to provide confidence in the assessment and help its adaptation.…”

Green Chemistry Metrics, A Review

“…xvii. A novel metric manufacturing mass intensity (MMI) was recently developed [61] to measure the impact of producing API through a synthetic process. The metric is an extension of the PMI metric.…”

“…Mass of product/total mass used in a process or process step [46][47][48][49] Reaction mass efficiency (RME) (Mass of isolated product/total mass of reactants used in reaction) × 100 [12,44,45,54,56,59,60] Stoichiometric factor (SF) 1 [46][47][48][49] Carbon efficiency (CE) (Mass of carbon in product/total mass of carbon in reactants) × 100 [12,44,45,59,60] Process mass intensity (PMI) Total mass in a process or process step/mass of product [12,49,52,53] Global material economy (GME) Mass of product/total mass used in total synthesis [54] Reaction mass intensity (RMI) Total of mass of reaction materials/mass of product [55] Greener atomic level 100 × (RME/AE) [56] Greener mass level 2 [56] Complete E-factor (cE) ∑m(Raw materials) + ∑m(reagents) + ∑m(solvent) + ∑m(water) − m(product)/m(product) [12] Transformation green aspiration level TM (GAL TM ) xE/average complexity, where xE = cE o E [12] Green aspiration level TM (tGAL TM ) (tGAL TM ) × complexity [12] Relative process greenness (RPG) GAL(xF)/xE [12] Innovation green aspiration level (iGAL) iGAL = (mGAL × FMW)/1000 [57] Optimum efficiency (OE) (RME/AE) × 100 [58] Renewable percentage (RP) (Renewable intensity/PMI) × 100 [58] Manufacturing mass intensity (MMI) U(PMI) + U(MI of component under consideration) 3 [61] Scale risk index (SRI) SRI = t (HF R + HF P + HF D ) [62] 1 Considering reactions run under nonstoichiome...…”

Nanoconfinement Effects of Micellar Media in Asymmetric Catalysis

“…[3] introduced by Sheldon some years ago was initially a counterintuitive approach, while today it represents one viable option in particular in industrial applications thanks to the development of mechanochemistry. [4] Solvents in fact represent almost 60% of the mass of chemicals in the pharmaceutical chemical industries and they also contribute heavily to the waste amount formation, [5] negatively affecting green metrics like E factor, PMI [6] and others. [7] Proper solvent selection is the first target of every process aiming at the improvement of the sustainability; in fact, over the years a series of review articles discussing different approaches for solvent picking were published, [8] favoring the real replacement of toxic solvents like chlorinated and aromatic ones with others less harmful, [9,10] especially under the impulse provided by pharmaceutical companies.…”

“…The well‐known concept “Best solvent is no solvent!” [3] introduced by Sheldon some years ago was initially a counterintuitive approach, while today it represents one viable option in particular in industrial applications thanks to the development of mechanochemistry [4] . Solvents in fact represent almost 60% of the mass of chemicals in the pharmaceutical chemical industries and they also contribute heavily to the waste amount formation, [5] negatively affecting green metrics like E factor, PMI [6] and others [7]…”