Manufacturing model for three-dimensional irregular pultruded graphite/epoxy composites

Composite materials – modelling, prediction and optimization

“…The pultrusion process of a unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite rod with a circular cross-section (radius 4.75 mm) was simulated to compare the numerical outcomes provided by the proposed models, as well as to compare them with similar results discussed in the literature [70]. The inlet temperature was assumed to be equal to the resin bath temperature (38 °C), and the matrix material was assumed to be totally uncured ( α = 0) at the same cross-section.…”

“…The dependence of the convective cooling coeffi cient on the surface temperature was defi ned using the well-known principle of heat transfer for a horizontal cylinder. The pull speed v pull was defi ned as 5 mm/s [70]. It should be noted that in the simulations performed, the temperature distribution on the internal surface of the die was used to provide the required closure of the thermochemical problem described above, i.e.…”

“…In contrast to other composite-manufacturing processes, in pultrusion the steps performed to transform the raw materials (fi bres and matrix) into the fi nal product (a pultruded profi le) are concentrated into a forming-heating-curing die, whose length is generally about one metre. Numerical and experimental investigations of different aspects of the pultrusion process have been reported in the literature, focusing mainly on issues related to heat transfer and curing [63,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74], the pressure distribution [75,76] and the pulling force [77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. However, the proposed models often neglect the interactions between some of the phenomena involved, graphically schematized in Figure 5.19 , on the Multi-physics involved in the pultrusion process and related interactions [84] basis of some simplifying assumptions.…”

The kinetic analysis of isothermal curing reaction of an unsaturated polyester resin: Estimation of the density distribution function of the apparent activation energy

“…The n-th order kinetics model predicts a maximum of reaction rate at the beginning of the curing and does not account for any autocatalytic effects. It has been applied to the curing of epoxy resins [19,20] and maleic polyester resins [21]. More often used as the reaction model is the autocatalytic model [22] shown as:…”

A Dynamic Transient Model to Simulate the Time Dependent Pultrusion Process of Glass/Polyester Composites

“…Note that the viscosity variation was not considered in their work. Chachad [13,14] derived temperature and degree of cure curves for I, L and S type profiles with different width and pulling speeds and report that with increasing the pulling speed, the degree of cure in different sections reduces.…”