Manufacturing of Er:ZBLAN ridge waveguides by pulsed laser deposition and ultrafast laser micromachining for green integrated lasers

Gottmann, Jens; Moiseev, Leonid; Vasilief, Ion; Wortmann, Dirk

doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2007.07.088

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Surface patterning by material ablation with the use of nanosecond [411][412][413] or femtosecond [414] pulsed lasers is another method that has been studied for development of channel waveguide lasers. Of key importance for the optical quality of the structures produced is to avoid any dissipation of the deposited energy beyond the volume that is ablated during the pulse.…”

Section: Laser Ablationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

194

102

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Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

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Section: Laser Ablationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

194

102

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“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The UC phenomenon was first demonstrated for Er 3+ , and the pioneering academic studies were performed on Er 3+ -doped fluoride crystals. 16 A key requirement for the achievement of efficient upconversion mechanisms is to place the Er 3+ ions in a host with low cutoff phonon energy, which allows for large lifetime of the excited state of the RE ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color tunability of intense upconversion emission from Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped SiO2–Ta2O5 glass ceramic planar waveguides

et al. 2012

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This work reports on the infrared-to-visible CW frequency upconversion from planar waveguides based on Er 3+ -Yb 3+ -doped 100-xSiO 2 -xTa 2 O 5 obtained by a sol-gel process and deposited onto a SiO 2 -Si substrate by dip-coating. Surface morphology and optical parameters of the planar waveguides were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and the m-line technique. The influence of the composition on the electronic properties of the glass-ceramic films was followed by the band gap ranging from 4.35 to 4.51 eV upon modification of the Ta 2 O 5 content. Intense green and red emissions were detected from the upconversion process for all the samples after excitation at 980 nm. The relative intensities of the emission bands around 550 nm and 665 nm, assigned to the 2 H 11/2 / 4 I 15/2 , 4 S 3/2 / 4 I 15/2 , and 4 F 9/2 / 4 I 15/2 transitions, depended on the tantalum oxide content and the power of the laser source at 980 nm. The upconversion dynamics were investigated as a function of the Ta 2 O 5 content and the number of photons involved in each emission process. Based on the upconversion emission spectra and 1931CIE chromaticity diagram, it is shown that color can be tailored by composition and pump power. The glass ceramic films are attractive materials for application in upconversion lasers and near infrared-to-visible upconverters in solar cells.

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“…The glass films were pumped by a laserdiode (Bookham) at 974 nm and green emission spectra is measured with a UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer). Scattering loss is determined by photographing the exponential decay of the green emission perpendicular to the pump direction with a CMOS camera (Canon) [3]. Absorption, emission and loss measurements were taken at the Lehrstuhl für Lasertechnik of the RWTH Aachen University.…”

Section: Thin Film Fabrication and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been numerous experiments using different approaches for fluoride glass waveguide fabrication, such as diffusion and ion exchange [1], epitaxy [2], pulsed laser deposition [3] and sol-gel processes [4]. Fortunately, Harwood et al [5] found an ingenious solution in 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erbium-doped fluoride glass waveguides

Waldmann

Caspary

Esser

et al. 2008

2008 10th Anniversary International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks

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Since green laser diodes are still not commercially available, alternative technologies like frequency doubling have to be used for compact green laser sources. The goal of this work is to develop diode pumped green erbium-doped glass up-conversion waveguide lasers, instead. Planar fluoride glass waveguides are fabricated using a spin-coating technology. Until now, planar fluoride glass film waveguides with thicknesses are achieved down to 30 µm. The waveguides were doped with up to 3 mol% erbium. Scattering losses of 0.2 dB/cm at 975 nm and strong green emission at 520 -550 nm is observed in erbium-doped waveguides 50 µm in thickness.

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Manufacturing of Er:ZBLAN ridge waveguides by pulsed laser deposition and ultrafast laser micromachining for green integrated lasers

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Color tunability of intense upconversion emission from Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped SiO2–Ta2O5 glass ceramic planar waveguides

Erbium-doped fluoride glass waveguides

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