“…During the past decades, SMAs have been extensively investigated in terms of fundamental mechanism and engineering applications, for instance the most commercial SMAs, NiTi alloys, show excellent SME and mechanical properties [3,4]. SMAs have been used in numerous fields, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) [5,6], medicine [7,8], automotive [9], and aerospace [10]. However, conventional SMAs can suffer from oxidation and instability, especially in nanoscale [11,12], e.g., Ti content in NiTi unavoidably leads to changes in surface and interfacial layers due to oxidation, thereby reducing transforming performance [13].…”