“…Research has drawn attention to the activities of transnational professional networks in creating 'circuits of knowledge' through which ideas, policies, and ensembles of practice are created, legitimated, and diffused across geographic space (Goldman, 2007;Healey, 2013;Legrand, 2012, McCann, 2008Stone, 2004;True and Mintrom, 2001). Within the context of transnational governance initiatives, studies have demonstrated that transnational municipal networks (TMNs) facilitate policy learning through information sharing, demonstrating 'best practice', and lesson-drawing (Bernstein and Hoffmann, 2018;Busch, 2015;Gore, 2010;Hakelberg, 2014;Lee and Jung, 2018), as well as re-shaping discursive framings of the problem of urban sustainability amongst participants (Betsill and Bulkeley, 2004). What limited research has been undertaken into IPIs has also provided evidence that they facilitate learning.…”