Why do some cities join transnational climate change networks while others do not? This study examines the factors that drive cities' participation in transnational climate change networks, such as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and the Cities for Climate Protection program. Hierarchical analysis of 256 cities in 118 countries suggests that the degree of cities' globalization, or their level of “global cityness,” is positively associated with the cities' membership in the global networks. The level of individual cities' integration into the international economy and transportation grid is crucial for sharing ideas of global environmental responsibility. This tendency is found both in global cities of both developing and developed countries. Hierarchical models also suggest that attributes of cities—not country attributes such as democracy, income level, and being an Annex I country under the Kyoto Protocol—account for cities' memberships in transnational networks.

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This study examines the conditions that facilitate the growth of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) in 126 countries, from 1982 to 2000. To explain the uneven growth of INGOs around the world, I test two competing theoretical approaches. The ''top-down'' perspective of growth focuses on the degree of a country's integration into the world polity and international economy. The ''bottom-up'' perspective emphasizes the development of democracy and the prosperity of the domestic economy as significant factors in facilitating INGO growth within a given country. An econometric analysis of panel data with ordinary least squares (OLS) suggests that both economic and political factors at the global and national level explain the rise of INGOs, rather than viewing either in an isolated fashion.Résumé Cette étude examine les conditions qui facilitent le développement des organisations internationales non gouvernementales (OING) dans 126 pays, de 1982 à 2000. Afin d'expliquer la croissance inégale des OING à travers le monde, j'utilise à titre expérimental deux approches théoriques concurrentes. L'approche dite « descendante » de la croissance met l'accent sur le degré d'intégration du pays dans le système institutionnel mondial et l'économie internationale. L'approche dite « ascendante » souligne le développement de la démocratie et la prospérité de l'économie nationale en tant que facteurs essentiels facilitant l'essor des OING dans un pays donné. Il ressort de l'analyse économétrique des données de panel réalisée avec la méthode des moindres carrés (MMC) que des facteurs à la fois économiques et politiques aux niveaux national et mondial, plutôt que de les étudier séparément, viennent expliquer le développement des OING.