Mapping the knowledge domain of soft computing applications for emergency evacuation studies: A scientometric analysis and critical review

Liang, Benbu; Wal, C. Natalie van der; Xie, Kai; Chen, Yun; Brazier, Frances M. T.; Dulebenets, Maxim A.; Liu, Zimei

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105955

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…From an implementation perspective, the cellular automata are well established and used, since they use 2D cells and grids to represent the built environment layout in a quick but reliable manner and hence consider good balancing with the execution timing. In this sense, they are also useful to perform massive evacuation simulations [40,87]. Many models were based on the use of NetLogo-based solutions [40,82,83], which easily combine agent-based modelling and cellular automata principles in simulations [56].…”

Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this sense, they are also useful to perform massive evacuation simulations [40,87]. Many models were based on the use of NetLogo-based solutions [40,82,83], which easily combine agent-based modelling and cellular automata principles in simulations [56].…”

Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to previous approaches [40,43,56,82,83], the simulation model is developed according to agent-based modelling and cellular automata principles. The model is then implemented through the NetLogo platform [90] (version 6.2.0).…”

Section: Evacuation Simulation Model: Definition and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The built environment, where the users behave and move, is represented by squared cells (side: 50 cm), which are consistent with the user dimensions [43]. In this way, this approach ensures reduced calculation time with respect to continuous space representations, while it also guarantees a generally reliable prediction accuracy [38,40,44,56,87]. Each cell has specific features concerning the physical outdoor built environment: (a) an obstacle, a part of a building or a part of a special building, which cannot be occupied by the users and the attackers at the simulation start and while moving; and (b) a part of the outdoor area that is composed of pedestrian areas and dehors, where the users and the attackers are effectively generated at the simulation start and which can be used by them while moving and evacuating.…”

Section: Evacuation Simulation Model: Definition and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emergency evacuation simulation models could be used to support this process [39], since they can reproduce the complexities of the interactions among these elements. A similar approach to risk assessment is widely supported in the case of other kinds of disasters, such as earthquakes, fires and floods, at both the single-building and urban scales, and it is also applied to historical built environment contexts [10,[40][41][42][43]. Previous approaches to terrorist act evacuation simulators have been developed in recent years and could be used to support risk assessment and evaluate how specific scenarios could impact the users' risk [44][45][46][47].…”

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How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares

2023

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Squares in the urban historical built environment are public open spaces prone to the risk of terrorist acts, essentially because they are ideal soft targets and attract significant user densities. Risk assessment methods should consider how users behave in them, both before and during an accident (i.e., the evacuation process). In addition to squares’ morphology and layout, and considering that urban areas are more and more prone to the effects of increasing temperatures, outdoor climate conditions can alter the initial scenario. In fact, such conditions can lead users to gather in specific outdoor areas, where they can look for shadows and shelter. This work hence proposes a simulation-based approach to assess how differences in users’ behaviours in response to increasing temperatures and squares’ morphology can alter the risk of terrorist acts in an emergency evacuation. An agent-based model is developed to simulate the interactions between users, hazards and the historical built environment. The work considers four typological squares prone to terrorist acts since they host a special building attracting users in front of it. These squares are derived from the analysis of Italian historical contexts within the BE S2ECURe project. Users are generated in the public open space (thus, before the terrorist act) depending on the intended uses of the square and on the outdoor temperature, which is affected by the square’s morphology. Three different users’ behaviours are modelled to consider (or not) the effects of the outdoor temperature on users’ thermal acceptability levels in an increasing temperature situation. Then, two evacuation scenarios are simulated: (a) a general evacuation process, without attackers, as the baseline for the risk assessment; and (b) an armed assault with cold weapons, to define one of the most probable attack situations in open spaces. Evacuation performance indicators are developed to assess users’ risk. Preliminary verifications demonstrate the capabilities of the approach. The results show that higher differences in evacuation indicators are noticed in large and asymmetric squares, since their conditions highly affect the variability of users’ behaviours in response to increasing temperatures. At the same time, stronger safety behaviours in response to increasing temperatures could reduce emergency issues because they allow users to be more dispersed and initially placed farther from the attack area. Decision-makers could take advantage of the proposed approach and simulation tool, moving towards an effectiveness analysis of solutions to increase the thermal comfort of users in respect of the risk levels during an evacuation. Finally, applications to real-world scenarios are thus encouraged to compare such idealized results with effective conditions.

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Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evacuation Simulation Model: Definition and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evacuation Simulation Model: Definition and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping the knowledge domain of soft computing applications for emergency evacuation studies: A scientometric analysis and critical review

Cited by 23 publications

References 200 publications

How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares

How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares

Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Flood Prediction: A General Overview

Challenges and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in Aviation: Bibliometric Study

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