Mapping the visibility of smokers across a large capital city

Valiente, Roberto; Escobar, Francisco; Pearce, Jamie; Bilal, Usama; Franco, Manuel; Sureda, Xisca

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108888

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This sampling procedure has been used in previous studies. (23,24) The spatial distribution of these census tracts is shown in the supplementary material (figure S1).…”

Section: Study Area and Project Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar procedure to define points for validation has been used in previous studies. (20,24) At each point-location, we conducted the same measurement procedure as in stage 2. To obtain these measures, we visited each point and collected data on the number of cigarette butts in a 1-meter radius (size of the pixel in the GIS analyses), and in a 3-and 5-meters radius for sensitivity analyses.…”

Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This characteristics may be more relevant to the presence of cigarette butts in these public spaces, as compared to the number or density of the public spaces themselves. (24) Conversely, playgrounds were considered in our analyses because all these facilities within the city have homogeneous characteristics and dimensions, following specific guidelines provided by the Madrid City Council.…”

Section: Types Of Places Considered In the Analyses (Stage 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating and mapping cigarette butt littering in urban environments: A GIS approach

Valiente

Escobar

Pearce

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

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“…This sampling procedure has been used in previous studies. (23,24) The spatial distribution of these census tracts is shown in the supplementary material (figure S1).…”

Section: Study Area and Project Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Types Of Places Considered In the Analyses (Stage 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Estimating and mapping cigarette butt littering in urban environments: A GIS approach

Valiente

Escobar

Pearce

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

Self Cite

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“… 9–11 A recent systematic assessment of studies assessing effectiveness of outdoor smoke-free policies identified the lack of research involving actual geographic mapping of smoking patterns and visibility of smokers in the area as a key knowledge gap. 12 A smoke-free outdoor policy has the potential to denormalize and discourage smoking, support smokers who want to quit, and to protect people from secondhand smoke. 13–16 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of an Inner-City Smoke-Free Zone on Outdoor Smoking Patterns: A Before–After Study

Breunis

Bebek

Dereci

et al. 2021

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Introduction On 2 September 2019, Rotterdam’s first inner-city outdoor smoke-free zone encompassing the Erasmus MC, a large university hospital in the Netherlands, the Erasmiaans high school, the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences and the public road in between, was implemented. We aimed to assess spatiotemporal patterning of smoking before and after implementation of this outdoor smoke-free zone. Methods We performed a before-after observational field study. We systematically observed the number of smokers, and their locations and characteristics over 37 days before and after implementation of the smoke-free zone. Results Before implementation of the smoke-free zone, 4,098 people smoked in the area every weekday during working hours. After implementation, the daily number of smokers was 2,241, a 45% reduction (p=0.007). There was an increase of 432 smokers per day near and just outside the borders of the zone. At baseline, 31% of the smokers were categorised as employee, 22% as student and 3% as patient. Following implementation of the smoke-free zone, the largest decreases in smokers were observed among employees (–67%, p-value 0.004) and patients (–70%, p-value 0.049). Before and after implementation, 21 and 20 smokers were visibly addressed and asked to smoke elsewhere. Conclusions Implementation of an inner-city smoke-free zone was associated with a substantial decline in the number of smokers in the zone, and an overall reduction of smoking in the larger area. Further research should focus on optimising implementation of and compliance with outdoor smoke-free zones.

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“…In the city of Barcelona, outside areas in bars and restaurants were the most common outdoor places for smokers to smoke following comprehensive legislation for all indoor public places ( Sureda et al, 2015 ). Moreover, hospitality venue surroundings in the city of Madrid were the outdoor areas with the highest visibility of smokers ( Valiente et al, 2020 ). Given that outdoor hospitality settings are usually on the street and visible for pedestrians, regulations restricting indoor smoking may have also enhanced the visibility of smoking ( Kennedy et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondhand smoke exposure assessment in outdoor hospitality venues across 11 European countries

Henderson

Continente

Fernández

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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Objective Due to partial or poorly enforced restrictions secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) is still present in outdoor hospitality venues in many European countries. This study aimed to assess SHS concentrations in outdoor hospitality venues across Europe and identify contextual exposure determinants. Methods Cross-sectional study. We measured airborne nicotine and evidence of tobacco use in terraces of bars, cafeterias, and pubs from 11 European countries in 2017–2018. Sites were selected considering area-level socioeconomic indicators and half were visited during nighttime. We noted the smell of smoke, presence of smokers, cigarette butts, ashtrays, and number of physical covers. Contextual determinants included national smoke-free policies for the hospitality sector, the Tobacco Control Scale score (2016), and the national smoking prevalence (2017–2018). We computed medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) of nicotine concentrations and used multivariate analyses to characterize the exposure determinants. Results Nicotine was present in 93.6% of the 220 sites explored. Overall concentrations were 0.85 (IQR:0.30–3.74) μg/m 3 and increased during nighttime (1.45 IQR:0.65–4.79 μg/m 3 ), in enclosed venues (2.97 IQR:0.80–5.80 μg/m 3 ), in venues with more than two smokers (2.79 IQR:1.03–6.30 μg/m 3 ), in venues in countries with total indoor smoking bans (1.20 IQR:0.47–4.85 μg/m 3 ), and in venues in countries with higher smoking prevalence (1.32 IQR:0.49–5.34 μg/m 3 ). In multivariate analyses, nicotine concentrations were also positively associated with the observed number of cigarette butts. In venues with more than two smokers, SHS levels did not significantly vary with the venues’ degree of enclosure. Conclusions Our results suggest that current restrictions in outdoor hospitality venues across Europe have a limited protective effect and justify the adoption of total smoking bans in outdoor areas of hospitality venues.

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Mapping the visibility of smokers across a large capital city

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Estimating and mapping cigarette butt littering in urban environments: A GIS approach

Estimating and mapping cigarette butt littering in urban environments: A GIS approach

Impact of an Inner-City Smoke-Free Zone on Outdoor Smoking Patterns: A Before–After Study

Secondhand smoke exposure assessment in outdoor hospitality venues across 11 European countries

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