Margarine supplemented with conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) has no effect on atherosclerosis but alleviates the liver steatosis and affects the expression of lipid metabolism genes in apoE/LDLR^‐/‐ mice

Abstract

Margarine supplemented with conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) has no effect on atherosclerosis but alleviates the liver steatosis and affects the expression of lipid metabolism genes in apoE/LDLR -/-mice The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of margarine supplemented with punicic acid (cis-9, trans-11,cis-13 C18:3) (CLnA) compared to CLA and linolenic acid (LnA) in apoE/LDLR -/-mice in two independent experiments: LONG (18 weeks) and SHORT (10 weeks). Liver weight was increased in CLA group in both studies. Hepatic steatosis was found in animals fed CLA and margarine diets but less signs of the steatosis were observed in mice fed LnA and CLnA diets. In LONG, TC was significantly increased in animals fed LnA, whereas LDL þ VLDL, HDL and TAG levels were unchanged. In mice fed CLnA the upregulated expression of PPARa and ACO was reported, however, SREBP-1 was 7-fold increased. Punicic acid and CLA isomers were determined both in adipose tissue and liver in CLnA fed mice. No effects of treatments on the area of atherosclerotic plaque were recognized. In conclusion margarine supplemented with CLA significantly increased liver weight and induced steatosis in mice in both studies. Our results did not support the notion that CLnA supplementation to the margarine possesses anti-atheroclerotic effect but it alleviated the liver steatosis and affected the expression of lipid metabolism genes.Practical applications: It has been reported that conjugated linolenic acid isomers (CLnA) have several health-related effects. Margarine with omega-3 fatty acids is commonly used as a functional food product. Therefore, the effect of margarine supplemented with CLnA compared to CLA and linolenic acid (LnA) in apoE/LDLR -/-mice was evaluated. CLA supplementation increased liver weight and lead to steatosis, but CLnA alleviated the liver steatosis in mice. No effects of treatments on the area of atherosclerotic plaque were recognized. The up-regulated expression of PPARa and SREBP-1 and their target genes ACO and FAS was reported for studied fatty acids. More research is warranted to assess the potential health-related properties of conjugated linolenic acids as bioactive compounds in the context of production of functional foods.

Punicic Acid Triggers Ferroptotic Cell Death in Carcinoma Cells

“…Recent studies reported that laying hens fed with pomegranate seed oil significantly incorporate PunA in egg yolks [ 8 , 74 ]. Another study reported that PunA was successfully incorporated in margarine [ 75 ] and in goat milk of animals fed with a diet supplemented with 12% of pomegranate seed pulp [ 76 ]. A different approach would be the production of enriched food supplements that could be taken up by cancer patients.…”

Liver and serum lipids in Wistar rats fed a novel structured lipid containing conjugated linoleic acid and conjugated linolenic acid

“…It has been reported that the concentration of serum cholesterol was significantly lower in the CLnA than in the linoleic acid group in rats (Koba et al, 2002). In another research, it was found that margarine supplemented with 0.5% CLnA and 0.5% CLA had no significant effect on the TC of mice after short (10 week) and long (18 week) periods of feeding (Franczyk-Zarów et al, 2015). Koba et al, (2002) also demonstrated how 1% CLA exhibited a decreasing trend, although this cholesterol-lowering effect was not statistically significant against 1% linoleic acid.…”

“…Moreover, this author showed that feeding diets supplemented with 1% purified punicic acid did not exhibit a significant effect on HDL-C in hamsters. Furthermore, it was reported that margarine supplemented with 0.5% punicic acid (cis9, trans11, cis13-18:3), 0.5% CLA and linolenic acid had no effect on HDL-C serum in apoE/LDLR-/-mice after short (10 weeks) and long (18 weeks) periods (Franczyk-Zarów et al, 2015).…”

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and different type of dietary fat on serum lipid profile, liver enzymes activity and oxidative stress markers in wistar rats

“…C57BL/6J mice fed a CLAenriched diet developed a state resembling diabetes, with a marked insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia) [29]. Also, in studies of Halade et al (2010) the fasting serum glucose concentration was significantly increased in CLA-fed mice compared to the Control groups [10].…”