Marginal malnutrition in school-aged Colombian boys: functional consequences in maximum exercise

Spurr, G. B.; Reina, John H.; Dahners, H. W.; Barac‐Nieto, Mario

doi:10.1093/ajcn/37.5.834

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Evidence from mild-to-moderatel y undernourished boys from Colombia indicates lower activity levels compared to better nourished boys and more importantly, inability of undernourished boys to compete well in sport activities compared to better nourished boys. (Spurr and Reina and Dahners et al 1983). Previous analysis of genetic contributions to¯uctuating asymmetry of development on either side of the median plane appear substantial (>60%), while directional asymmetry is more an indicator of environmental in¯uences (Livshits and Kobyliansky 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Anthropometric asymmetry in chronically undernourished children from Southern Mexico

Little

Buschang

Malina

2002

Annals of Human Biology

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In previous studies, environmental stress has been associated with increased structural asymmetry, indicating differential rates of development on either side of the median plane. To analyse the effect of environmental stress upon anthropometric asymmetry, six bilateral measurements and one derived measurement were compared between chronically mild-to-moderately undernourished school children (7-13 years of age) and a well-nourished control sample (5-35 years of age). The undernourished sample was from a subsistence agricultural community in Southern Mexico. The well-nourished comparison (control) sample was middle class, White children and young adults in Texas. Anthropometric asymmetry of the skeleton was not consistently increased in the undernourished school children compared to the well-nourished controls. Arm and estimated mid-arm muscle circumferences had significantly increased asymmetry, but these differences are likely due more to laterality in function or physical work than to undernutrition. Genetic influences are hypothesized to underlie skeletal asymmetry (i.e. differences in development on either side of the median plane).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Anthropometric asymmetry in chronically undernourished children from Southern Mexico

Little

Buschang

Malina

2002

Annals of Human Biology

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“…[33][34][35] However, scientific evidence of similar types of associations for developmental morbidities is very limited. 36,37 Secondly, the impact of overall under-nutrition on PD was assessed by using an aggregate measure of under-nutrition, CIAF, as suggested by Svedberg. 26 The conventional solitary anthropometric indicators have an overlapping nature: a child is likely to have a growth deficit on more than one indicator in real life scenarios.…”

Section: -31mentioning

confidence: 99%

An epidemiological study of urban and rural children in Pakistan: examining the relationship between delayed psychomotor development, low birth weight and postnatal growth failure

Avan

Raza

Kirkwood

2014

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Background: Low birth weight is known to be associated with postnatal growth failure. It is not yet established that both conditions are determinants of psychomotor development. The study investigated whether or not low birth weight leads to delayed psychomotor development of a child, and whether it can be mitigated by adequate postnatal growth.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2002 in 15 rural and 11 urban communities of Sindh province, Pakistan. Assessment of 1234 children less than 3 years of age included Bayley's Scale of Infant Development II, socioeconomic questionnaire and anthropometry; WHO standards were used to calculate z-scores of height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. The underlying study hypotheses were tested through multiple regression modelling.Results: Out of 1219 children, 283 (23.2%) had delayed psychomotor development and 639 (52.4%) were undernourished according to the composite index of anthropometric failure. Strong negative associations with the psychomotor development index were detected between stunting and being underweight, with a larger magnitude of effect for stunting (p,0.001). The strong relationship persisted even when the analysis was restricted to nonmalnourished children. The psychomotor index increased by 2.07 points with every unit increase in height-forage z-score. Conclusions:The relationship between low birth weight and psychomotor development appears to be mediated largely by postnatal growth and nutritional status. This association suggests that among undernourished children there is significant likelihood of a group that is developmentally delayed. It is important to emphasize developmental needs in programmes that target underprivileged children.Keywords: Child development, Low birth weight, Nutritional status, Postnatal growth failure, Psychomotor development IntroductionThe overwhelming effects of low birth weight (LBW) and child under-nutrition are increasingly recognized, and consequently improved nutrition is vital to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Conventionally, a birth weight of less than 2.5 kg is considered LBW.1 About 21 million babies are born with low birth weight: i.e. more than 16% of all births annually. Low birth weight contributes to poor health outcomes, the effects of which are more pronounced in developing countries. [2][3][4] The magnitude of the problem is grave in south Asia where at least every fourth newborn has LBW. 3,4 Worldwide, an enormous burden of under-nutrition among children is strongly associated with poor levels of child survival, accounting for 55% of under-5 mortality, and it is estimated that about 25% of the world's children under 5 years suffer from under-nutrition, particularly in African and Asian regions. 2,4 Under-nutrition in children is commonly assessed through the measurement of weight and height, and it manifests in three ways: 1) a child can be too short for their age, i.e. stunted; 2) have low weight for their height i.e. wasted; 3) have low weight for their age, leading to...

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“…The V . O 2 max and blood Hb data found in Table 2 were previously published in Spurr et al (1983b) and are repeated here for convenience.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection, anthropometrics, nutritional status, and physical work capacity in Colombian boys

et al. 1999

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This article tests the hypothesis that the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in Colombian boys is negatively associated with anthropometric characteristics, physical work capacity, blood hemoglobin (Hb) levels, and nutritional status. Anthropometric, Hb, V . O 2 max, and parasite load data were collected on 1,016 boys in Cali, Colombia. The boys were classified as lower socioeconomic class (SEC) from either urban or rural environments, and upper SEC from an urban environment. Sixty-three percent of the boys were infected with gastrointestinal parasites and, of the infected boys, 80-95% had light parasite loads. Parasites found included Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichuris trichiura, Giardia spp., and Enterobius vermicularis. Infected boys had significantly lower weight, stature, weight-for-height (among 6-9-year-old boys), Hb levels, and V . O 2 max (ANCOVA, controlling for age and SEC). In terms of nutritional status, infected boys were 1.47 times more likely to be classified as iron deficient than noninfected boys (chi-square, P < 0.001), and 1.61 times more likely to be classified as stunted (P < 0.001). Infection was not associated with wasting in any SEC group. In conclusion, light to moderate gastrointestinal parasite loads were associated with significantly lower weight, stature, weight-for-height (in 6-9-year-old boys), Hb levels, and V . O 2 max, and a significantly higher frequency of IDA and stunting. These data suggest that comprehensive analyses of the nutritional status of populations in regions endemic for parasitic infection should include testing for the presence of infection. Am.

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Marginal malnutrition in school-aged Colombian boys: functional consequences in maximum exercise

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Anthropometric asymmetry in chronically undernourished children from Southern Mexico

Anthropometric asymmetry in chronically undernourished children from Southern Mexico

An epidemiological study of urban and rural children in Pakistan: examining the relationship between delayed psychomotor development, low birth weight and postnatal growth failure

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection, anthropometrics, nutritional status, and physical work capacity in Colombian boys

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