Marine-Derived Penicillium Species as Producers of Cytotoxic Metabolites

Abstract

Since the discovery of penicillin, Penicillium has become one of the most attractive fungal genera for the production of bioactive molecules. Marine-derived Penicillium has provided numerous excellent pharmaceutical leads over the past decades. In this review, we focused on the cytotoxic metabolites * (* Cytotoxic potency was referred to five different levels in this review, extraordinary (IC50/LD50: <1 μM or 0.5 μg/mL); significant (IC50/LD50: 1~10 μM or 0.5~5 μg/mL); moderate (IC50/LD50: 10~30 μM or 5~15 μg/mL); mild (IC50/LD50: 30~50 μM or 15~25 μg/mL); weak (IC50/LD50: 50~100 μM or 25~50 μg/mL). The comparative potencies of positive controls were referred when they were available). produced by marine-derived Penicillium species, and on their cytotoxicity mechanisms, biosyntheses, and chemical syntheses.

Chromosome-Level Comprehensive Genome of Mangrove Sediment-Derived Fungus Penicillium variabile HXQ-H-1

“…Further Penicillium is a common contaminant of various substances. It plays an important role in human life for the function of decomposing various organic substances and produces antibiotics, toxic compounds (mycotoxins), extracellular enzyme, and antitumor active secondary metabolites [1][2][3]. Many species of Penicillium have been widely used in biotechnology, food, pharmaceutical, biological degradation, and many other applicable fields.…”

“…Marine-derived Penicillium has provided enormous excellent pharmaceutical leads over the past decades [3]. The manglicolous fungi represent the second largest marine fungi ecological group [4], and play an important role in mangrove ecosystems as the main decomposer and participant in the energy flow of mangroves, having significant effects on the survival, growth, and fitness of mangroves.…”

Identification of the Main Metabolites of a Marine-Derived Strain of Penicillium brevicompactum Using LC and GC MS Techniques

“…Marine-derived fungi are unanimously considered a source of untapped chemodiversity to be exploited in view of drug discovery [1,2]. Within the many Ascomycetes reported from the sea environment, the genus Penicillium is particularly widespread in association with any kind of marine organism, and represents one of the most prolific taxa with reference to the production of bioactive compounds [3][4][5][6].…”

Four New Insecticidal Xanthene Derivatives from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. JY246

“…Fungal secondary metabolites have always been considered an important source for drug discovery due to their diverse chemical structures and bioactivities [1]. Among them, Penicillium are recognized as important producers of structurally unusual natural products, especially of terpenes with pharmaceutical potential as illustrated with chrysogenester, an anti-inflammatory meroterpenoid-type derivative [2], shearilicine, a cytotoxic indole-diterpenoid possessing a rare carbazole unit [3,4], and the penerpenes, unusual indole-terpenoids which have shown potent protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitory activity [5]. Insecticidal agents were also reported for penicianstinoid A, an austinoid-like meroterpenoid [6], as well as plant regulators for the dongtingnoids, diterpenoid glycosides which revealed promising seed-germination-promoting activities [7].…”