Marine Diterpenoids as Potential Anti‐Inflammatory Agents

Abstract

The inflammatory response is a highly regulated process, and its dysregulation can lead to the establishment of chronic inflammation and, in some cases, to death. Inflammation is the cause of several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, and asthma. The search for agents inhibiting inflammation is a great challenge as the inflammatory response plays an important role in the defense of the host to infections. Marine invertebrates are exceptional sources of new natural products, and among those diterpenoids secondary metabolites exhibit notable anti-inflammatory properties. Novel anti-inflammatory diterpenoids, exclusively produced by marine organisms, have been identified and synthetic molecules based on those structures have been obtained. The anti-inflammatory activity of marine diterpenoids has been attributed to the inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB activation and to the modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. However, more research is necessary to describe the mechanisms of action of these secondary metabolites. This review is a compilation of marine diterpenoids, mainly isolated from corals, which have been described as potential anti-inflammatory molecules.

Pseudopterosin A ameliorates ischaemia-induced brain injury by acting on Akt signalling pathway

“…In brain injury induced by ischaemia, inhibition of inflammatory mediators protects the neuronal damage. Pseudopterosin A has been reported to possess strong anti-inflammatory properties [5]. In this report inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and NF-κB p65 were found to be significantly reduced in the PtA-treated group compared to the ischaemic group.…”

Marine Pharmacology in 2014–2015: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

“…(d) Antiprotozoal and antimalarial marine pharmacology: antiprotozoal activity in marine natural products isolated from marine algae [332]; marine indole alkaloids as potential leads for antiprotozoal drugs [333]; antimalarial potency of the manzamine β-carboline alkaloids [334]. (e) Immuno-and anti-inflammatory marine pharmacology: marine diterpenoids as potential anti-inflammatory agents [335]; microalgae bioactive compounds for inflammation and cancer [336]. (f) Cardiovascular and antidiabetic marine pharmacology: marine-derived natural products as a source of cardiovascular protective agents [337]; antioxidant phlorotannins derived from marine algae [338]; antioxidant carotenoids isolated from marine Gram-positive bacteria [339]; brown alga-derived fucoxanthin for diabetes therapy [340]; bioactive compounds from seaweed for diabetes [341].…”

Current Developments on Anti-Inflammatory Natural Medicines

“…The compound reduced LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in a mouse model by inhibiting the production of TNF-α and IL-1β [66]. In 2015, some diterpenoids were isolated from marine source and their antiinflammatory activity has been shown to inhibit of NF-κB activation and to modulate of arachidonic acid metabolism [67].…”