Marksmanship Skills of Female Police Recruits: Impact of Basic Firearms Training

Charles, Michael; Copay, Anne G.

doi:10.1177/146135570100300403

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Supporting the findings of our study, other studies [ 1 , 9 , 35 , 36 ] have likewise found that marksmanship scores on the qualifying firearms test were significantly correlated to maximal grip strength. These studies included marksmanship tasks with a Glock pistol [ 9 , 35 , 36 ], Beretta pistol [ 1 , 35 ], or Smith and Wesson revolver [ 36 ]. Of particular note, the correlation between maximal grip strength and marksmanship scores in the study of Anderson and Plecas [ 1 ] was remarkably similar to the results of this study (Anderson, r = 0.38, p < 0.05; this study r = 0.398, p < 0.0001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Grip Strength and Its Relationship to Police Recruit Task Performance and Injury Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Orr

Pope

Stierli³

et al. 2017

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Suitable grip strength is a police occupational requirement. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between grip strength, task performance and injury risk in a police population. Retrospective data of police recruits (n = 169) who had undergone basic recruit training were provided, including handgrip strength results, occupational task performance measures (consisting of police task simulations [SIM], tactical options [TACOPS] and marksmanship assessments) and injury records. Left hand grip strength (41.91 ± 8.29 kg) measures showed a stronger correlation than right hand grip strength (42.15 ± 8.53 kg) with all outcome measures. Recruits whose grip strength scores were lower were significantly more susceptible to failing the TACOPS occupational task assessment than those with greater grip strength scores, with significant (p ≤ 0.003) weak to moderate, positive correlations found between grip strength and TACOPS performance. A significant (p < 0.0001) correlation was found between grip strength, most notably of the left hand, and marksmanship performance, with those performing better in marksmanship having higher grip strength. Left hand grip strength was significantly associated with injury risk (r = −0.181, p = 0.018) but right hand grip strength was not. A positive association exists between handgrip strength and police recruit task performance (notably TACOPS and marksmanship) with recruits who scored poorly on grip strength being at greatest risk of occupational assessment task failure.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Grip Strength and Its Relationship to Police Recruit Task Performance and Injury Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Orr

Pope

Stierli³

et al. 2017

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Correlational research has demonstrated that people perceive female officers differently than male officers along gender stereotypical lines. While attending a police academy, male (but not female) recruits perceived female recruits to be inferior despite relatively equal performance evaluations (Charles, 1981). A sample of prisoners perceived female correction officers to be more professional than male officers because they were able to keep calm in difficult situations (Boyd & Grant, 2005).…”

Section: Female Use-of-force: Violating Gender Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective interpretation of “objective” video evidence: Perceptions of male versus female police officers’ use-of-force.

Salerno¹,

Sánchez²

2020

Law and Human Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The police face great scrutiny after highly publicized instances of lethal force. Dash-camera footage ostensibly provides "objective" evidence of whether the force was excessive. We tested whether participants interpreted the same "objective" video of an officer exerting force differently based on the officer's gender and race. Hypothesis: We predicted that when (a) a male (vs. female) officer used force and (b) a Black (vs. White) officer used force, participants would endorse more internal and less external explanations for their use-of-force, which would be associated with less trust in and perceived effectiveness of the officer. Method: We randomly assigned Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers (N ϭ 452; 53% female, 80% White) to (a) see a segment of a police-civilian interaction video that either included or did not include exertion of force, and to believe that the officer was (b) male versus female, and (c) Black versus White. They reported their trust in the officer and perceptions of the officer's effectiveness, and their degree of agreement with external and internal attributions for the officer's behavior. Results: When officers used force, people trusted officers less (d ϭ 1.13) and perceived them to be less effective (d ϭ .78) relative to when they did not. Despite all participants viewing the same interaction, people who thought they saw a male (vs. female) officer perceived his use-of-force to be driven more by internal traits, such as being aggressive and emotionally reactive, and less by the external situation, which was associated with decreased trust and perceived effectiveness. In contrast, people perceived female (vs. male) officers' force to be driven more by external aspects of the dangerous situation, which was associated with increased trust and perceived effectiveness. This pattern did not depend on the officers' race or participants' gender. Conclusion: This constitutes a rare instance of women benefiting from violating gender stereotypes in the workplace because people assumed her counterstereotypical behavior was more justified by the situation and less about her being an aggressive and emotionally reactive person. Public Significance StatementWhen officers use force, the public trusted them less and perceived them to be less effective than when they did not use force. The public's negative reaction toward the use-of-force was somewhat buffered, however, for female officers relative to male officers. This effect was due to people explaining female officers' use-of-force as a result of the dangerous external situation, but the male officers' force as a result of his internal traits, such as being aggressive and emotionally reactive.

show abstract

“…As a result of the importance of fitness on these tasks, several studies have investigated the relationship between police officers' level of fitness and job performance (2,9,13,20,36,42,44). Some of the fitness tests commonly used in these studies to determine potential job performance included maximal and submaximal muscular strength measures using both machines (2) and dynamometers (9,13,26,42,44), aerobic capacity tests using V Ȯ2 max tests (42,44), 2.4-km timed runs (20,25), and shuttle run tests (13,28), muscular endurance assessments using push-ups (2,13,20,44), sit-ups (2,13,20,23), and pull-ups (13,20,25), power measures using a vertical jump (2,13,21), and agility tests (3,5,8,13,24). The general findings of these studies suggest a positive correlation between fitness tests results and police officer job performance (2,13,20,36,42).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although various fitness tests are used to determine police officers' job performance in the literature (2,3,6,9,13,36,42), links between the PAT and PCT have yet to be investigated. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between the PAT and the PCT to determine the usability of the PAT as a predictor of police academy trainees' performance on the PCT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Physical Fitness Assessment Measures and a Workplace Task-Specific Physical Assessment Among Police Officers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Lockie

Dawes

Sakura

et al. 2022

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lockie, R, Dawes, JJ, Sakura, T, Schram, B, and Orr, RM. Relationships between physical fitness assessment measures and a workplace task-specific physical assessment among police officers: a retrospective cohort study. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 678–683, 2023—Police officers are required to perform physically demanding occupational tasks and, as such, require an adequate level of fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between a physical fitness assessment test (PAT) and a task-specific physical competency test (PCT). Retrospective data for 307 police trainees who completed the PAT and the PCT were provided. The PAT comprised a 2.4-km run, vertical jump, push-ups, and grip strength measures. The PCT, a single timed event, consisted of 10 occupational specific tasks (e.g., trailer push, wall climb, window climb through), which were completed within a 400-m obstacle course. Pearson's correlations were used to investigate relationships between the PAT and the PCT. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine whether PAT predicted PCT performance. All PAT measures significantly correlated with PCT performance with the strength of the correlations ranging from moderate (vertical jump; r = −0.420, p < 0.01) to strong (2.4 km run; r = 0.639, p < 0.01). The highest predictive relationship was observed with 2.4-km run (r2 = 0.409), and the lowest predictive relationship was observed with the vertical jump (r2 = 0.177). The results of this study highlight the importance of aerobic capacity (2.4 km run), muscular endurance (push-ups), strength (grip strength), and power (vertical jump) for successful performance during the PCT. These physical attributes should be developed in new police trainees before attending recruit training if viable and form part of any return-to-work reconditioning frameworks for both police trainees and officers.

show abstract

Marksmanship Skills of Female Police Recruits: Impact of Basic Firearms Training

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Grip Strength and Its Relationship to Police Recruit Task Performance and Injury Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Grip Strength and Its Relationship to Police Recruit Task Performance and Injury Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Subjective interpretation of “objective” video evidence: Perceptions of male versus female police officers’ use-of-force.

Relationships Between Physical Fitness Assessment Measures and a Workplace Task-Specific Physical Assessment Among Police Officers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About