Marquardt’s Phi Mask: Pitfalls of Relying on Fashion Models and the Golden Ratio to Describe a Beautiful Face

Holland, Erik

doi:10.1007/s00266-007-9080-z

Cited by 85 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, these models are incapable of including the full range of ethnicities. Although studies suggest that proportional faces are considerably attractive, the most attractive faces tend to be those with one or two characteristics that reflect ethnicity …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and management of Asian skin

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Color differences in skin are due to the amount and distribution of epidermal melanin. The number of melanocytes is almost the same in all skin types, but higher phototypes exhibit more melanocytes, which produce more melanin and melanosomes that are individually distributed throughout the keratinocyte layers. This characteristic ensures a natural, significant photoprotection in darker skins. Asians are a population with various skin phototypes, ranging from type III to IV Fitzpatrick's classification in Chinese and Japanese to type IV and V in Indian and Pakistani people. Asian skin tends to present postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, lentigines and freckles, nevus of Ota, and Hori nevus. The main skin diseases reported in Asians are acne, atopic dermatitis, and viral infections. Wrinkles and skin thickness, early signs of aging in Caucasians, are less evident in Asian skin. However, pigmentary changes occur earlier. Additionally, this ethnic population is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study is to show the importance of studying the characteristics of Asian skin for the better management of skin diseases in this population, which are being increasingly observed in doctor's offices. Based on a broad review of the medical literature, we report the characteristics of Asian skin, as well as some dyschromias and common skin disorders in this ethnic group. The objective of the article is to study the characteristics of Asian skin and differences in relation to other ethnic groups to achieve improved clinical and cosmetic management of diseases and other skin disorders. This article will discuss the concept of beauty in different ethnic groups, treatments with lasers and other light sources, and cosmiatric treatments in Asian skin. An extensive review of the literature was performed using the databases Scielo and Bireme, from Medline and Lilacs sources, over the last 50 years. The keywords used were as follows: Asian skin, ethnic skin, melanin. Due to the peculiarities of each ethnic group, this article demonstrates the importance of studying the characteristics of Asian skin to elucidate improved cosmiatric approaches for these patients.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and management of Asian skin

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Despite these selective pressures, modern‐day research and our own judgments demonstrate that phi, averageness, and perfect symmetry are not absolute criteria for beauty. More importantly, those mathematical qualities do not necessarily contribute to what makes us recognizable or memorable as individuals …”

Section: There Is No Single Basis For Defining Beautymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, phi is not a single basis for defining beauty. Research shows us only a weak correlation exists between faces that obey phi and faces that are still judged as attractive …”

Section: There Is No Single Basis For Defining Beautymentioning

confidence: 99%

The signature feature^TM: A new concept in beauty

Shamban¹

2019

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Signature FeatureTM (SF) is a universal, yet highly personalized treatment approach to aesthetic facial enhancement that applies to all patients, independent of age, gender, or ethnicity. Its philosophical basis maintains that a patient's beauty is anchored by their most distinctive invariant features (invariant features like eyes, nose, cheekbones, or jawline), and preservation of such signature features should be an essential consideration in any aesthetic treatment plan. The principles central to the SF concept include: (a) identifying the patient's most distinctive signature feature, (b) matching the patient's persona to their signature feature while preserving alignment with their cultural/ethnic aesthetic, and (c) highlighting the patient's signature feature by increasing the “signal‐to‐noise” ratio between the strength of the signature feature and those factors that may be interfering with it (lines, wrinkles, and sun damage). Every patient represents a new combination of treatment challenges which are not only related to the patient's physical baseline characteristics but also by their subjective self‐perceptions. This subjective gray area is where the SF treatment approach has the greatest contribution to the patient's positive self‐perception and self‐esteem, as the practitioner can help the patient realize their own personal brand through enhancement of their signature feature using an array of aesthetic options.

show abstract

“…Nevertheless, the validity of these putative rules is still in question. Recent studies have shown that the most attractive ratios are not exactly golden ratio [Holland 2008;Peron et al 2012]. Fan et al [2012] generated a synthesized face image that has neoclassical canons and the most possible golden ratios, but it only received a below normal rating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Hypothesis on Facial Beauty Perception

Chen

Zhang

2014

ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this article, a new hypothesis on facial beauty perception is proposed: the weighted average of two facial geometric features is more attractive than the inferior one between them. Extensive evidences support the new hypothesis. We collected 390 well-known beautiful face images (e.g., Miss Universe, movie stars, and super models) as well as 409 common face images from multiple sources. Dozens of volunteers rated the face images according to their attractiveness. Statistical regression models are trained on this database. Under the empirical risk principle, the hypothesis is tested on 318,801 pairs of images and receives consistently supportive results. A corollary of the hypothesis is attractive facial geometric features construct a convex set. This corollary derives a convex hull based face beautification method, which guarantees attractiveness and minimizes the before-after difference. Experimental results show its superiority to state-of-the-art geometric based face beautification methods. Moreover, the mainstream hypotheses on facial beauty perception (e.g., the averageness, symmetry, and golden ratio hypotheses) are proved to be compatible with the proposed hypothesis.

show abstract

Marquardt’s Phi Mask: Pitfalls of Relying on Fashion Models and the Golden Ratio to Describe a Beautiful Face

Abstract: Marquardt's mask does not appear to describe "ideal" face shape even for white women because its proportions are inconsistent with the optimal preferences of most people, especially with regard to femininity.

Cited by 85 publications

References 30 publications

Characteristics and management of Asian skin

Characteristics and management of Asian skin

The signature feature^TM: A new concept in beauty

A New Hypothesis on Facial Beauty Perception

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Marquardt’s Phi Mask: Pitfalls of Relying on Fashion Models and the Golden Ratio to Describe a Beautiful Face

Abstract: Marquardt's mask does not appear to describe "ideal" face shape even for white women because its proportions are inconsistent with the optimal preferences of most people, especially with regard to femininity.

Cited by 85 publications

References 30 publications

Characteristics and management of Asian skin

Characteristics and management of Asian skin

The signature featureTM: A new concept in beauty

A New Hypothesis on Facial Beauty Perception

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The signature feature^TM: A new concept in beauty