Masculine consciousness and anti-effeminacy among latino and white gay men.

Abstract

Gender stereotypes adversely affect gay men's lives. Although research has linked the degree to which gay men are conscious of masculine stereotypes with symptoms of psychological distress, it is unclear whether different groups of gay men are equally conscious of gender stereotypes. Thus, we compared responses to an online survey between a closely matched group of Latino (n ϭ 54) and White (non-Latino, n ϭ 54) gay men who were U.S. citizens and resided in the U.S. We predicted that Latino men would score higher on questions related to (a) the importance of masculinity, (b) the importance of not being noticeably gay, (c) how conscious they were of their own masculine behavior, (d) negative attitudes toward effeminate gay men, and (e) dimensions related to a gay identity. Results showed that masculinity was equally important to both groups, but Latino men reported it was more important that they and their same-sex partners not be noticeably gay (Cohen's d ϭ 0.40 and 0.62, respectively). Furthermore, both groups expressed an equal degree of negative attitude toward effeminate gay men, but the Latino men were more conscious about their own masculine behavior (d ϭ 0.50). Finally, different dimensions of their gay identity were salient for each group where Latino men were more concerned with keeping their sexual orientation private (d ϭ 0.54) and wanting to be accepted by others (d ϭ 0.57), whereas the White men had more difficulty with their coming-out process (d ϭ 0.40). Further research should consider how one's ethnicity is related to gender stereotypes and well-being among gay men.

The Relationship between Masculinity and Internalized Homophobia amongst Australian Gay Men

“…Currently, there exists limited research explicitly examining masculinity and internalized homophobia [ 15 , 35 , 36 ]. The current paper is an exploration into the phenomenon of internalized homophobia and its socio-ecological underpinnings whereby discussion focused mainly on factors within the micro-, meso-, and macro-systems.…”

“…Despite common understandings that masculinity relates to (and possibly produces) negative attitudes toward homosexuality, there exists limited research explicitly examining masculinity and internalized homophobia [ 15 , 35 , 36 ]. The present study, therefore, aims to examine the relationship between masculinity and internalized homophobia within a sample of Australian gay men through Bronfenbrenner’s [ 1 ] socio-ecological perspective.…”

Out of the Closet, Not Yet Out of the House: Gay Men’s Experiences of Homonegativity and Internalized Homonegativity

“…Sparse are current researches explicitly examining masculinity and internalized homonegativity [4,25,45,46] and even sparser are those employing a qualitative approach [22]. We addressed this gap by qualitatively examining Australian gay men's stories on homonegativity, masculinity, and the interactions between varying socio-ecological systems.…”

“…This paper is a part of a larger body of research exploring masculinity and internalized homonegativity amongst gay men. Limited research explicitly focuses on masculinity and internalized homonegativity [4,25,45,46] with very few using qualitative methods [22]. The study, therefore, aims to qualitatively explore this under-examined area, focusing on men's lived experiences of internalized homonegativity, the factors which contribute to their experiences, and the impact it may have on their health and wellbeing.…”

Straight white American college students’ attitudes toward a self-identified straight, not gay or gay man who has sex with men: incongruent sexual orientation identity diminishes perceived psychological health

“…Attitudes within American black and Latino communities, as well as within (e.g.) white fundamentalist communities, would be intriguing to study, given negative attitudes towards MSM in these communities (Amola & Grimmett, 2015;Carballo-Diéguez et al, 2004;Dudley & Mulvey, 2009;Greslé-Favier, 2009;Lewis, 2003;Martinez & Hosek, 2005;Martínez-Donate et al, 2010;Miller, Serner, & Wagner, 2005;Muñoz-Laboy, Garcia, Wilson, Parker, & Severson, 2015;Reisen et al, 2010;Sánchez, Blas-Lopez, Martínez-Patiño, & Vilain, 2016;Vincent, Peterson, & Parrott, 2009), though of course not all such communities, nor all individuals in these communities, show negative attitudes towards MSM (e.g., Jenkins, Lambert, & Baker, 2009).…”