Masked Mycotoxins Are Efficiently Hydrolyzed by Human Colonic Microbiota Releasing Their Aglycones

Dall'Erta, Andrea; Cirlini, Martina; Dall’Asta, Margherita; Rio, Daniele Del; Galaverna, Gianni; Dall’Asta, Chiara

doi:10.1021/tx300438c

Cited by 173 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…While the findings of Dall'Erta et al (2013) on DON are in line with previous studies, for the ZEN14Glc this seems contradictory with the results of Veršilovskis et al (2012). When the glucosides were incubated with human intestinal bacteria, both the glucoside and sulphate of ZEN were completely degraded within 30 minutes, partly resulting in the parent mycotoxin (61 % after 30 minutes, 40 % after 24 hours) and a large number of unknown metabolites.…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Modified Mycotoxinscontrasting

confidence: 46%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

125

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to human and animal health related to modified forms of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins were evaluated. Modified (often called “masked”) mycotoxins are metabolites of the parent mycotoxin formed in the plant or fungus, e.g. by conjugation with polar compounds. Fumonisins, which are difficult to extract from the plant matrix, are also termed modified mycotoxins. The CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to assess human exposure to modified forms of the various toxins in addition to the parent compounds, because many modified forms are hydrolysed into the parent compounds or released from the matrix during digestion. For modified forms of zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins, 100 %, 30 %, 10 % and 60 % were added, respectively based on reports on the relative contribution of modified forms. The same factors were used for animal exposure from feed. In the absence of specific toxicity data, toxicity equal to the parent compounds was assumed for modified mycotoxins. Risk characterization was done by comparing exposure scenarios with reference doses of the parent compounds. In humans, all lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) mean and 95th percentile exposures to the sum of modified and parent toxins were below the respective provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), with two exceptions: for zearalenone and modified zearalenone the UB 95th percentile exposure was up to 2.2‐fold the TDI. For fumonisins and modified fumonisins the exposure of toddlers and other children exceeded the PMTDI at both the LB and the UB estimates, which could be of concern. For farm animal species and pets the exposure to the sum of modified and parent toxins was in general not of concern. The risk in fish could not be addressed. The CONTAM Panel identified several uncertainties and data gaps for modified mycotoxins.

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Section: Bioavailability Of Modified Mycotoxinscontrasting

confidence: 46%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

125

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“…These results were confirmed by De Nijs et al in a study in which two in vitro models representing the human upper GI tract, a fed digestion model and a Caco-2 transwell system, were unable to transform DON3G into DON (De Nijs et al, 2012). A study by Dall'Erta et al further supported these findings, as a salivary, gastric and duodenal step in their model proved unable to release the DON aglycone from DON3G (Dall'Erta et al, 2013). De Angelis et al evaluated bread contaminated with DON and DON3G in an in vitro digestion model, and observed an increase of DON3G in the duodenal compartment, together with a distinct decrease of DON.…”

Section: Don3gmentioning

confidence: 87%

Modified Fusarium mycotoxins unmasked: From occurrence in cereals to animal and human excretion

Broekaert

Devreese

Baere

et al. 2015

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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“…In vitro data indicated that D3G can be cleaved to DON by lactic acid bacteria and human feces (Berthiller et al 2011;Dall'Erta et al 2013;Gratz et al 2013). These findings correlate well with those of Nagl et al (2012Nagl et al ( , 2014, underlining that the majority of oral administrated D3G was recovered as DON in feces.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal toxicity of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-d-glucoside

et al. 2015

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Natural food contaminants such as mycotoxins are an important problem for human health. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins detected in cereals and grains. Its toxicological effects mainly concern the immune system and the gastrointestinal tract. This toxin is a potent ribotoxic stressor leading to MAP kinase activation and inflammatory response. DON frequently co-occurs with its glucosylated form, the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G). The toxicity of this later compound remains unknown in mammals. This study aimed to assess the ability of D3G to elicit a ribotoxic stress and to induce intestinal toxicity. The toxicity of D3G and DON (0-10 µM) was studied in vitro, on the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line, and ex vivo, on porcine jejunal explants. First, an in silico analysis revealed that D3G, contrary to DON, was unable to bind to the A-site of the ribosome peptidyl transferase center, the main targets for DON toxicity. Accordingly, D3G did not activate JNK and P38 MAPKs in treated Caco-2 cells and did not alter viability and barrier function on cells, as measured by the trans-epithelial electrical resistance. Treatment of intestinal explants for 4 h with 10 µM DON induced morphological lesions and up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as measured by qPCR and pan-genomic microarray analysis. By contrast, expression profile of D3G-treated explants was similar to that of controls, and these explants did not show histomorphology alteration. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that glucosylation of DON suppresses its ability to bind to the ribosome and decreases its intestinal toxicity.

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Masked Mycotoxins Are Efficiently Hydrolyzed by Human Colonic Microbiota Releasing Their Aglycones

Cited by 173 publications

References 21 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Modified Fusarium mycotoxins unmasked: From occurrence in cereals to animal and human excretion

Intestinal toxicity of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-d-glucoside

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